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concepts of energy
chapter four concepts: energy, fuel, combustion
| concept | definition |
|---|---|
| First Law of Thermodynamics | conservation of energy and mass, energy is neither created nor destroyed |
| heat | energy that flows from hotter to colder object |
| temperature | property that determines the direction of heat flow |
| combustion | combination of fuel and oxygen to form products |
| exothermic reaction | term applied to any chemical or physical change accopanied by the the release of heat. |
| Calorimeter | measures quantity of heat energy releaswed in a combustion reaction. ex: burning coal |
| Endothermic reaction | any chemical or physical change that absorbs energy. ex: melting ice |
| activation energy | energy necessary to initiate a reaction |
| Tetraethyl lead substitues | 1) Ethanol 2) MTBE |
| Entropy | randomness in position or energy level (going from order to disorder) Increase in entropy: exothermic. Decrease in entropy: endothermic |
| second law of thermodynamics | energy is lost through heat |
| Oil - refining process | crude oil (petroleum) refining process: crude oil separeted into fractions that consist of compounds with similar properties. |
| Distillation | a purification, or separation, process in which a solution is heated to its boiling point and the vapors are condensed and collected. |
| isomers | compounds with the same chemical formula but different chemical structure. ex. octane and isooctane |
| Cracking | chemical process by which large moclecules are broken into smaller ones suitable to be used in gasoline |
| thermal cracking | achieved by heating the starting materials to a high temperature |
| catalytic cracking | catalysts are used to promote molecular breakdown at lower temperatures |
| oxygenated gasolines | blends of petroleum-derived hydrocarbons with oxygen-containing compounds such as MTBE, ethanol or methanol |
| Reformulated Gasolines | oxygenated gasolines that also contain a lower percentage of certain more volatile hydrocarbons such a benzene found in nonoxygenated conventional gasoline |
| biomass | materials produced by biological processes |
| refinery gases | Most volatile components of the fractionating tower boil far below room temperature |
| hydrocarbons | molecules consisting of only hydrogen and carbon atoms |
| Alkanes | hydrocarbons with only single bonds between carbons |
| bond energy | the amount of energy that must be absorbed to break a specific chemical bond |
| heat of combustion | quantity ofr heat energy given off when a specified amount of a substance burns in oxygen |
| thermal energy | random motion of molecules |
| potential and kinetic energy | potential: form of energy related to positions of atoms and molecular structure and stored in chemical bonds. kinetic: energy in motion |
| calorie | amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of exactly one gram of water by one degree Celsius. 4.184 J |
| work | done when movement occurs against a restraining force. Work is equal to force multiplied by distance over which motion occurs |
Created by:
curryab
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