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Lab mangement Gen
Gen review and marketing
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A comparison of methods for the determination of alkaline phosphatase is categorized in which domain of educational objectives? | Cognitive |
| Attitude, judgment, and interest refer to which domain of educational objectives? | Affective |
| Criterion-referenced examinations are used in order to determine the | Competency of a student according to a predetermined standard |
| An instructor "curved" a blood bank test given to MLS students. The highest grade was an 85% and the lowest grade was a 60%. What type of test is this? | Norm-reference |
| A stated competency requirement for a CLS student is to perform calibration, plot data, and evaluate the acceptability of controls. This competency requirement encompasses which educational objective? | Cognitive - analysis to plot data, make a calibration line and determine conc of controls. Psychomotor - completing the task of running the controls etc. Affective - determining if the results are acceptable or unacceptable |
| In general, the evaluation of students depends on the ability of the instructor to create a test that reflects the stated objectives of the course material as well as making the test: | Reliable and valid |
| When dealing with the instruction of complex instrumentation, a demonstration by the instructor is necessary and should include the following: | A step-by-step narrative with comparisons to a manual method |
| An instructor of clinical laboratory science was given the task of expanding the curriculum for the senior (BS level) MLS students. Which of the following courses should be included in the curriculum? | Computer - LIS (Laboratory Information Systems) |
| Direct laboratory costs for tests include which of the following | Overtime pay |
| Which of the following accounts for the largest portion of the direct cost of a laboratory test? | Employee labor |
| In deciding whether to adopt a new test on the laboratory's automated chemistry analyzer, which parameters are needed to determine the number of tests that must be performed to break even? | Total fixed laboratory costs |
| Which statement best represents the relationship between test volume and revenue or costs for batch-run tests? | As volume increases the revenue also increases |
| The laboratory services rendered by the hospital are paid according to an agreed-upon fee schedule. The specific laboratory procedures are billed according to which system of coding? | Current procedural terminology (CPT) |
| A hospital has a contract with a major medical insurer that reimburses the laboratory at a rate of $1.00 per insured life per year. This type of reimbursement is termed: | Capitation |
| According to federal and state regulations, a hospital's capital budget should include which of the following before projects costing $150,000 can be submitted for approval? | A certificate of need |
| A rural hospital laboratory employs 8.25 FTEs (full-time equivalents). In order to budget for next year's salaries for these employees, the laboratory manager needs to submit which figures for the laboratory's projected annual budget? | Total (paid) hours |
| Use the surcharge/cost-plus method for determining test charges, given the following information: Collection, handling, clerical etc = $2.00 Reference laboratory charge to lab = $20.00 Lab "mark-up" = 100% | $42.00 |
| How should the laboratory submit the charge for these tests for reimbursement by Medicare? | Submit as one test |
| Which of the following is NOT an appropriate guideline for phlebotomist's to follow in order to prevent a malpractice lawsuit? | Use one form of patient ID, such as the last name |
| Continuous Quality Improvement (CQI) is a team effort approach for clinical laboratories to: | Identify potential problems and correct them |
| CODE 128, ISBT 128, CODE 39 and Interleaved 2 of 5 symbologies are used by laboratory information systems to create which of the following? | barcode labels |
| McGregor's X-Y Theory advocates managing employees by stressing: | Respect for the worker and acknowledgement of his/her ability to perform a task |
| Maslow's Theory of Management is based upon: | A pyramid of goals for the satisfaction of employee needs. |
| Herzberg's Theory relies upon motivators that are a part of the job design in order to instill job satisfaction. These same motivators can become dissatisfiers if they are lacking in a job. Herzberg's motivators are: | Opportunity for achievement and advancement |
| Management by Objective (MBO) is LEAST effective for managing employees in which situation? | Employees must be creative in their work. |
| The four essential functions of a manager are: | Planning, organizing, directing, controlling |
| Which of the following questions is allowable during a pre-employment interview? | Have you been convicted of any felonies? |
| According to the Clinical laboratory Improvement Act of 1988, control of laboratory test reliability is accomplished by all of the following requirements EXCEPT: | Professional certification of all testing personnel |
| CLIA'88 specifies the minimum requirements for proficiency testing (PT) of analytes for which PT is required (excluding cytology) to be: | Five challenges per analyte and at least three testing events per year |
| According to CLIA'88 satisfactory performance for ABO, Rh and compatibility test requires a score of: | 100% |
| In order to comply with CLIA'88, calibration material must: | Have concentration values that cover the laboratory's reportable range |
| According to CLIA'88, calibration materials should be appropriate for the methodology and be: | Tracable to a reference method and reference material of known value |
| Under CLIA'88, testing personnel with an associate degree and appropriate training in the clinical laboratory are authorized to perform: | Waivered, moderate-complexity and high-complexity tests |
| Sexual harrassment is a form of discrimination and therefore is prohibited by the: | Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Title VII) |
| The most common deficiency cited during an onsite laboratory inspection by the College of American Pathologists (CAP) and the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Heathcare Organization (JCAHO) is: | Improper documentation |
| A new employee's performance is to be evaluated at the end of his or her probationary period and must relate to: | The person's job description |
| Which regulatory agency mandates requirements ◦Provide personal protective equipment (PPE) ◦Require hepatitis B vaccination at no cost ◦Require specific biohazard materials labeling ◦Provide training and updating yearly of safety standards | Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) |
| CLIA'88 was enacted to regulate the following: | All clinical laboratories in the U.S. |
| During an interview, an employer may request the following from a prospective new employee: | Professional certification |
| CLIA ’88 regulations are based on the complexity of the test method: | Waived, Moderate Complexity, High Complexity,QA, QC, proficiency testing, record retention, job categories & personnel requirements. |
| Waiver | permits a site to perform only those test methods identified as waived such as capillary blood glucose, urine dipstick. |
| PPM Physician Performed Microscopy | used for sites where the physician only performs microscopic exams |
| Registration | issued to a lab pending CLIA accreditation enabling all levels of test complexity. |
| Accreditation | – issued on the basis of the lab being accredited by an organization approved by CMS such as Cap and JCAHO |
| JCAHO (Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations) | a voluntary organization that accredits more than 80% of US healthcare organizations; Accreditation cycle for labs is every 2 yrs. Accredited institutions must adhere to standards that focus on quality improvement and are designed to promote quality outc |
| College of American Pathologists (CAP) | accredits only laboratory testing sites and not the entire healthcare organization; spells out its requirements in a series of checklists. |
| OSHA (The Occupational Safety and Health Administration) | responsible for regulations relating to general workplace safety and protecting the health of US workers; requires that all blood, body fluids, tissue and other potentially infectious materials be treated as equally hazardous. |
| AABB (American Association of Blood Bank) | promote the highest standard of care for patients and donors in all aspects of blood banking;done every 2 years. |
| NAACLS (National Accrediting Agency for Clinical Laboratory Sciences) | accredits educational programs for clinical laboratory science; self-study readers and site visitors are professionals from peer programs and institutions who volunteer their services; |
| CLIA Certificates CLIA’88 regulations divides test methods into three categories | Waived; Moderate complexity; High complexity |
| CLIA’88 Law specifies | that laboratory requirements are to be based on complexity of the test method performed and established provisions for categorizing a test as waived |
| CLIA’88 defines waived | “test cleared by the FDA for home use” “tests using such simple and accurate methodologies that the likelihood of erroneous results is negligible” |
| Marketing | A process by which individuals and groups obtain what they want through creating, offering, and exchanging products or services of value with others |
| Marketing Concept | key to achieving the goals of the organization consists of being more effective than the competition in satisfying the needs, wants, and demands of the customer; Integration of customer needs; Improve customer satisfaction |
| Market | a web of interactions among those who have commercial relationships or the potential for such relationships with other buyers and sellers of similar commodities |
| Market Segmentation | Allows marketing manager to break up markets into smaller pieces |
| Niching | Focusing on a specific subsection of a market |
| Product | What the firm offers to the public for sale; Product quality; Brand; Packaging; Features Service options |
| Price | The amount of money a customer pays for a product or service; Value; Commodities; Profit margin; Cost plus basis |
| Place | How and where the product is offered to the buying public |
| Promotion | The means by which a company communicates and promotes its products to its target market; Sales and marketing personnel; Advertising; Public relations;Telemarketing/on-line marketing |
| Market Demand | Total number of lab tests performed in a particular market; Number of PO’s plus the average number of tests performed per patient visit plus number of patient visits; Nursing homes, hospital labs, industrial clients |
| SWOT Analysis | Strengths; Weaknesses; Opportunities; Threats Where have we been? Where are we now? |
| Five Forces Analysis | Bargaining power of suppliers; Bargaining power of buyers; Threat of new entrants; Threat of substitute products; Rivalry among existing firms |
| Cost leadership | Tight cost control; Efficiencies of scale A structured organization; |
| Product differentiation | Strong research and development function; Skilled marketing; Highly skilled labor |
| Focus | Combination of both cost leadership and differentiation |
| The Marketing Plan | Describes products or services and their benefits and features, target markets and its buying habits, competing products or services, and the customer problem that the product or service solves |
| The Marketing Plan: Elements | Goals; Objectives; Marketing and sales strategy; Distribution channels; Advertising/Promotions/Budgets; Mission; Vision |
| BC/BS, Medicare, Medicaid, Other Third-Party Payers | Insurers reimburse the providers a negotiated set fee or capitation for services given to the customers without regard for the desire or quality of those services. |
| The Framework of all Financial Accounting: | Assets= Liabilities + Owners’ Equity |
| Balance Sheet | The Financial position of an organization at a particular point in time, usually at the end of an accounting period |
| Income Statement | A document indicating what has transpired financially within the organization over a period of time, usually monthly or yearly |
| Statement of Cash Flow | A document analyzing the source of cash (revenues) and cash outflow (expenses) |
| Financial Management | The manager needs to be aware of the funds needed to perform testing and provide services for patients. The relationship between the costs and revenues determines the operating funds the laboratory has available. |
| Revenues | the monies that the laboratory receives or is entitled to receive for the services and testing it has provided. |
| Revenues (income) | pay the bills for lab services and testing. |
| Operating margin | Profits that are generated from the excess of revenues received for providing the services. |
| Ratio Analysis (Financial Ratios) | Liquidity; Debt; Profitability; Market-value |
| Liquidity Ratios | Determine the organization’s ability to meet short-term debt obligations |
| Debt ratios | Determine the organization's ability to meet long-term debt obligation |
| Profitability ratios | Demonstrate the organization’s efficiency of operations (productivity) and profit margins |
| Market-value ratios | Market value of a (for-profit) company’s stock to its profitability |
| Payback Analysis | Identifies the length of time it will take to recover the initial expenditure for a project or for providing a service |
| CALCULATION: P/I | where P is the purchase or investment cost, and I is the annual income or revenue generated by the service |
| Rate of Return | Ratio of the annual revenue to the price of the project. |
| Calculation : I/P | Where I is the annual income or revenue generated and P is the cost of providing the service or original investment in the project |
| Net Present Value (NPV) | A calculation used to indicate the current value of income generated in the future discounted at an estimated percentage equal to the inflation rate over the years of income generation. |
| Financial Management Budgeting | System for formalizing in writing a quantitative financial plan, supportive of the institution’s financial mission, for a given time period |
| Financial Management | A Budget: A financial plan for allocating funds to cover the expenditures involved in the operation of the laboratory; Financial Ratios: Provide means for the manager to compare their operations to other operations |
| Managerial Cost Accounting | System for providing an analysis or forecast of information to be used in financial decision- making |
| Cost of Service (Productivity) | Total Cost Fixed costs Variable cost |
| Fixed Costs | Expenses that do not change over a given period regardless of testing volume; Examples: Administrative salaries Rent Lease commitments |
| Variable Costs | Expenses that Vary proportionally with the volume of testing. Examples : - Direct Labor - Reagents and supplies required to performed a specific test |
| Cost Volume Profit Analysis (CVP) | The Breakeven point Total Fixed Cost_____________ Revenue per test – Variable Cost per test |
| Resource Management | Justification of resources for expected results Cost-accounting Identifies, defines, measures, reports, and analyzes the elements of costs associated with providing a unit of output (test) Assigns allocated costs to that test Constant justification |
| Operating Budget | A Communication tool to be used with internal and external customers A plan for identification of resources and expenditures A plan for projections |
| Types of Operating Budgets | Fixed; Flexible; Program; Appropriation; Rolling; Zero-based |
Created by:
kashe220