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General psycholog
General psycholog thinking critically with psychological science
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Hindsight bias | refers to the dendency to believe after learning an outcome that one would have forseen it known as "I knew it all along phenomenon |
| Applied research | scientific study that aims to solve practical problems |
| Counseling Psychology | the branch of psychology that helps people cope with challenges in their daily lives |
| Humanistic psychology | the branch of psychology that emphasizes the growth potential of healthy people |
| Theory | An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events |
| Hypothesis | A testable prediction, often implied by a theory; testable theory that help scientists. |
| The first psychological laboratory was established by who and what year | Wundt; 1879 |
| Who would be most likely to agree with the statement "Psychology is the science of mental life | Wilhelm Wundt |
| In psychology, behavior is best defined as | Any action we can observe and record |
| Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow are most closely associated with | Humanistic psychology |
| Two historical roots of psychology are disciplines of | Philosophy and biology |
| The greek philosopher who believed that intelligence was inherited was | Plato |
| A psychologist who studies how worker productivity might be increased by changing office layout is in what type of research | Applied |
| What type of psychology is most directly concerned with studying human behavior in the work place | Industrial-organizational psychology |
| Dr. Ernst explains behavior in terms of different situations. Dr Ernst is working from the ______ perspective | Social cultural perspective |
| Hind sight bias | Events seem more predictable after they have occured |
| In its earliest days, psychology was defined as the | Science of mental life |
| Who would be most likely to agree with the statement "psychology should investigate only behaviors that can be observed | John B. Watson |
| Who wrote an important early psychology text book | William James |
| The seventeenth century philosopher who believed that the mind is blank at birth and that most knowledge comes through sensory experience is | Lock |
| Which seventeenth philosopher believed that some ideas are innate | Descartes |
| Today psychology is a discipline that | Connects with a diversity of other fields |
| Today, psychology us defined as the | Science of behavior and mental process |
| Which psychological perspective ephasizes the interaction of the brain and body in behavior | Neuroscience |
| Psychologists who study the degree to which genes influence our personality are working from the _____ Perspective | Behavior genetics |
| Psychologists who study, assess, and treat troubled people are called | Clinical psychologists |
| psychologists' personal values | can bias both scientific observation and interpretation of data |
| Behaviorism | The view that psychology should focus only on the scientific study of observable behaviors without reference to mental processes |
| Cognitive neuroscience | The study of ow brain activity is linked with thought processes such as memory and perception |
| Nature-nurture issue | the controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors |
| Levels of analysis | Psychologists ananlyze behavior and mental processes from differing complementary views |
| Social cultural perspective | How people differ as products of different environments |
| Neuroscience perspective | How the body and brain create emotions, memories and sensations |
| Psychiatry | the medical treatment of psychological disorders |
| clinical psychology | the study, assessment and treatment of troubled people |
| behavior genetics perspective | How genes and the environment contribute to individual differences |
| biopsychosocial approach | An intergrated perspective that focuses on biology, psychological, and social-cultural levels of anylysis for a given behavior or mental process |
| SQ3R | A study method consisting of five steps: survey, question, read, rehearse and review |
| Double blind procedure | an experimental procedure in which neither the experimenter nor the research participants are aware of which group is reciving the treatment |
| Control group | an experiment is one in which the treatment of interest, or independent variable, is withheld so that comparison to the experimental condition can be made |
| Placebo effect | occurs when the result of an experiment are caused by expectations alone |
| Independent variable | an experiment is the factor being manipulated and tested by the investigator |
| Dependant variable | an experiment is the factor being measured by the investigator, that is, the factor that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable |
| Culture | the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next |
| Basic Research | a pure science that aims to increase psychologys scientific knowlege base rather than to solve practical problems |
| to ensure that other researchers can repeat their work, psychologists use | operational definitions |
| the scientific attitudeof skepticism is based on the belief that | ideas need to be tested against observable evidence |
| psychologests' personal values | can bias both scientific observation and interpretation of data |
| In defining psychology, the text notes that psychology is most accuratley described as a | way of asking and answering questions |
| Operational definition | is a precise statement of the proceedures used to define research variables |
| correlation | is the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factors predict the other |
| Sensation | the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment |
| Perception | the process by which we organize and interpret sensory information |
| Bottom up processing | analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information |
| Top-down processing | information processing guided by higher level mental processes |
| psychophysics | the study of relationships between physical characteristics of stimuli and our psychological experiences of them |
| Absolute threshold | the minumum stimulation needed to detect a stimulus fifty percent of the time |
| Subliminal | is one that is below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness |
| Priming | the activation, often unconsciously, of an association by an imperceptible stimulus, the effect of which is to predispose a perception, memory or response |
| Difference threshold | is the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection fifty percent of the time |
| Webers law | states that the just noticeable difference between two stimuli is a constant minimum proportion of the stimulus |
| sensory adaptation | refers to the decrease sensitivity that occurs with continued exposure to an unchanging stimulus |
| Wavelength | refers to the distance from the peak of one light wave to the next, gives rise to the perceptual experiences of hue, or color, in vision |
| Intensity | light and sound is determined by the amplitude of the waves and is experienced as brightness and loudness, respectively |
| retina | is the light-sensitive, multilayered inner surface of the eye that contains the rods and cones as well as neurons that form the beginning of the optic nerve |
| Accomodation | the process by which the lens of the eye changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina |
| optic nerve | comprised of the axons of retinal gaglion cells, carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain |
| blind spot | the region of the retina where the optic nerve leaves the eye. Because there are no rods and cones in this area, there is no vision here |
| fovea | the rentina's point of central focus. It contains only cones; therefore, images focused on the fovea are the clearest |
| Parallel processing | information processing in which several aspects of a stimulus, such as light or sound, are processed simultaneouly |
| Young-Helmholtz trichromatic (three color) theory | maintains that the retina contains red-green, and blue-sensitive color receptors that in combination can produce the perception of any color. Explains the first stage of color processing |
| Frequency | directly related to wavelength, longer waves produce lower pitch; shorter waves preduce higher pitch |
| middle ear | the chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing tge three tiny bones, hammer, anvil and stirrup that conventrate the eardrum's vibrations on the cochlea's oval window |
| Auditory nerve | the bundle of fibers carries nerve impulses from the inner ear to the brain |
| outter ear | hearing begins as sound waves enter the auditory canal |
| Eardrum | lying between the outer and middle ear, this membrane vibrates in response to sound waves |
| Hammer, anvil and sturrup | tiny bones of the middle ear concetrate the eardrum's vibrations on the cochlea's oval window |
| inner ear | this region of the ear contains the cochlea and the semicircular canal, which play an important role in balance |
| Cochlea | the fluid filled multichambered structure contains the hair cell receptors that transduce sound waves into neural impulses |
| opponent processing theory | maintains the color vision depends on pairs of opposing retinal processes, (red-green, yellow-blue, and white-black) this theory explains the second stage of color processing |
| Audition | refers to the sense of hearing |
| Kinesthesis | the sense of the position and movement of the parts of the body |
| Vestibular sense | sense of body movement and position,sense of balance |
| Gate control theory | maintains that the "gate" is the spinal cord determines whether pain signals are permitted to reach the brain. |
| sensory interaction | the principle that one sense may influence another |
| Depth perception | is the ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional |
| Visual cliff | laboratory device for testing depth perception |
| Binocular cues | depth cues that depend on information from both eyes |
| Retinal disparity | the differences between the images received by the left eye and the right eye as a result of viewing the world from slightly different angles. |
| Monocular cues | are depth cues that depend on information from either eye alone |
| perceptual constancy | the perception that objects have constent color despite changes in illumination that shift the wavelengths they reflect |
| perceptual adaptation | Our ability to adjust to n artificially displaced or even inverted visual field. Given distorting lenses, we perceive things accordingly but soon adjust by learning the relationship between our distorted perceptions and the reality |
| perceptual set | a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another |
| Learning | any relatively permanent change in an organisms behavior due to experience |
| Associative learning | organisms learn that certain events occur together. two variations are classical conditioning and operant conditioning |
| Classic conditioning | a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus becomes capable of triggering a conditioned response after having become associated with an unconditional stimulus |
| behaviorism | the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies only observable behaviors whout reference to mental processes |
| Neural stimulus | a stimulus that does not trigger a response before conditioning |
| unconditioned stimulus | the stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers the reflexive unconditioned response |
| Unconditioned response | the unleaned, involuntary response to the unconditioned stimulus |
| conditioned stimulus | an originally neutral stimulus that comes to trigger a conditioned response after association with an unconditioned stimulus |
| acquisition | refers to the inital stage of conditioning in which the new response is established and gradually strengthening of a reinforced response |
| Higher order conditioning | pairing an established conditioned stimulus with a new neural stimulus ceating a second often weaker conditioned response |
| extinction | refers to the weakening of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is no longer followed by the unconditioned stimulus; in operant conditioning it occurs when a response is no longer reinforced |
| spontaneous recovery | the reapearance of an extinguished conditioned response after a rest period |
| Generalization | refers to the tendency once a response has been conditioned for stimuli similar to the original conditioned stimulus to envoke a conditioned response |
| Sigmond Freud | Emphasized the importance of the unconsious mind and its effects on human behavior |
| Watson and skinner | Overt behavior as the subject matter of scientific psychology |
| Replication | the process of repeating an experiment, with different people and situations to see if results change |
| Operational definition | A precise statement of the proceedures used to define research variables |
| psychologys three main levels of analysis | biological, psychological and social cultural |
| Block of a neurotransmitter | Antagonist |
| Case study | an in-depth observational study of one person |
| Neuroscience perspective | how the body and brain create emotions memory and sensation |
| cognative perspective | how we encode process store and retreive information |
| Industial organized psychology | behavior in the workplace |
| behavioral perspective | mechanisms by which observable responses are aquired and changed |
| control group | The treatment absent or pseudotreatment group in an experiment |
| experimental group | the group who receives the actual drug "treatment present" group in an experiment |
| dependent variable | the variable being measured in a experiment |
| survey | a technique for ascertaining the self reported attitudes or behaviors of a representitive random sample of people |
| Ivan Pavlov | psychologist who pioneered the study of learning the personality |
| Jean Piaget | Psychologist who studied children |
| Basic research | is a pure science that aims to increase psychologys scientific knowlege base rather than to solve practical problems |
| Latent content | Freud's theory of dreaming in which the underlyning but censored meaning of a dream |
| Population | All members of a group being studyed |
| Random sample | A representative because member of the population has an equal chance of being included |
| Manifest content | Freuds theory of dreaming in which the person remembered the story line |
| inattentional blindness | perceptual error in which we fail to see visual objects when our attention is derected else where |
Created by:
mistyssnow