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Chapter 4 social
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Social Structure | The network of interrelated statuses and roles that guide human interactions |
| status | A socially defined position in a group or in a society |
| role | the rights and obligations expected of someone occupying a particular status |
| ascribed status | assigned according to qualities beyond a person's control |
| achieved status | acquired through direct efforts |
| master status | plays the greatest role in shaping a person's life and determining his or her social identity |
| Reciprocal roles | corresponding roles that define the patterns of interaction between related statuses |
| role expectations | socially determined behaviors expected of a person preforming a role |
| role performance | actual role behavior |
| role set | the different roles attached to a single status |
| role conflict | occurs when fulfilling the role expectations of one status makes it difficult to fulfill the role expectations of another status |
| role strain | occurs when a person has difficulty meeting the role expectations of a single status |
| social institution | when statuses and roles are organized to satisfy one or more of the basic needs of society |
| exchange | whenever people interact in an effort to receive a reward or a return for their actions |
| reciprocity | the idea that if you do something for somone that person owes you something in return |
| exchange theory | the theory that people do things in order to get a reward |
| competition | when two or more people or groups oppose each other to achieve a goal that only on can attain |
| conflict | the deliberate attempt to control a person by force, to oppose someone, or to harm another person |
| cooperation | occurs when two or more people or groups work together to acheive a goal that will benefit more than one person |
| accommodation | a state of balance betwwen cooperation and conflict |
| group | a set of people who interact on the basis of shared expectations and who possess some degree of sommon identity |
| subsistence strategies | the way a society uses technology to provide for the needs of its members |
| preindustrial society | carried out through the use of human and animal labor |
| hunting and gathering societies | The daily collection of plants and the hunting of animals |
| pastoral society | rewly on domesticated animals to meet their food needs |
| division labor | the specialization by individuals or groups in the performance of specific economic activites |
| horicultural society | fruit and vegetables that are grown in gardens are the main source of food |
| agricultural society | use of animals and tools to increase the yield of gardens and farms |
| barter | the exchange of a good or service |
| industrial societies | the change from food production to production of manufactured goods |
| urbanization | the concentration of the population into cities |
| postindustrial society | much of the economy is involved in providing information and services |
| mechanical solidarity | when people share the same values and perform the same tasks |
| gemeinschaft | the german work for community |
| gesellschaft | german word meaning society |
| aggregate | when people gather in the same place but lack organization |
| social category | is simply a means of classifying people according to a shared trait |
| dyad | the smallest group possible, with two members |
| triad | a three person group |
| small group | a group with few enough members that everyone is able to interact on a face-to-face basis |
| formal group | the structure, goals, and activities of the group are clearly defined |
| informal group | there is no offical structure or established rules of conduct |
| primary group | a small group of people who interact over a relatively long period of time on a direct and personal basis |
| secondary group | a group in which interaction is impersonal and temporary in nature |
| reference group | any group with whom individuals identify and whose attitudes and values they adopt |
| in-group | a group someone belongs to and identifies with |
| out-group | any group that a person does not belong to or identify with |
| e-community | people interact with one another regularly on the internet |
| social network | the web of relationships that is formed by the sum total of a person's interactions with other people |
| leaders | people who influence the attitudes and opinions of others |
| instrumental leaders | are task orientated, and will find specific means that will help a group complete it's tasks |
| expressive leaders | are emotion orientated, they find ways to keep the group together and to maintain morale |
| formal organization | a large, complex secondary group that has been established to achieve specific goals |
| bureaucracy | a ranked authority structure that operates according to specific rules and regulations |
| rationality | involves subjecting every feature of human behavior to calculation,measurment and control |
| voluntary association | is typically a nonprofit organization formed to pursue some common interest |
| iron law of oligarchy | the tendancy of organizations to become increasingly dominated by small groups of people |
| dyad | the smallest group possible, with two members |
| triad | a three person group |
| small group | a group with few enough members that everyone is able to interact on a face-to-face basis |
| formal group | the structure, goals, and activities of the group are clearly defined |
| informal group | there is no offical structure or established rules of conduct |
| primary group | a small group of people who interact over a relatively long period of time on a direct and personal basis |
| secondary group | a group in which interaction is impersonal and temporary in nature |
| reference group | any group with whom individuals identify and whose attitudes and values they adopt |
| in-group | a group someone belongs to and identifies with |
| out-group | any group that a person does not belong to or identify with |
| e-community | people interact with one another regularly on the internet |
| social network | the web of relationships that is formed by the sum total of a person's interactions with other people |
| leaders | people who influence the attitudes and opinions of others |
| instrumental leaders | are task orientated, and will find specific means that will help a group complete it's tasks |
| expressive leaders | are emotion orientated, they find ways to keep the group together and to maintain morale |
| formal organization | a large, complex secondary group that has been established to achieve specific goals |
| bureaucracy | a ranked authority structure that operates according to specific rules and regulations |
| rationality | involves subjecting every feature of human behavior to calculation,measurment and control |
| voluntary association | is typically a nonprofit organization formed to pursue some common interest |
| iron law of oligarchy | the tendancy of organizations to become increasingly dominated by small groups of people |
| dyad | the smallest group possible, with two members |
| triad | a three person group |
| small group | a group with few enough members that everyone is able to interact on a face-to-face basis |
| formal group | the structure, goals, and activities of the group are clearly defined |
| informal group | there is no offical structure or established rules of conduct |
| primary group | a small group of people who interact over a relatively long period of time on a direct and personal basis |
| secondary group | a group in which interaction is impersonal and temporary in nature |
| reference group | any group with whom individuals identify and whose attitudes and values they adopt |
| in-group | a group someone belongs to and identifies with |
| out-group | any group that a person does not belong to or identify with |
| e-community | people interact with one another regularly on the internet |
| social network | the web of relationships that is formed by the sum total of a person's interactions with other people |
| leaders | people who influence the attitudes and opinions of others |
| instrumental leaders | are task orientated, and will find specific means that will help a group complete it's tasks |
| expressive leaders | are emotion orientated, they find ways to keep the group together and to maintain morale |
| formal organization | a large, complex secondary group that has been established to achieve specific goals |
| bureaucracy | a ranked authority structure that operates according to specific rules and regulations |
| rationality | involves subjecting every feature of human behavior to calculation,measurment and control |
| voluntary association | is typically a nonprofit organization formed to pursue some common interest |
| iron law of oligarchy | the tendancy of organizations to become increasingly dominated by small groups of people |
Created by:
trusnak