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cultural anthro 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| customs, rules, and obligations that establish a socially endorsed relationship between the kin groups of the married partners | marriage |
| prohibitions on sexual relations between relatives | incest taboos |
| avoiding inbreeding, preventing family, disruption, forming wider alliances | incest taboos |
| a rule specifying that a person must marry outside a particular group | exogamy |
| exogamy is reduction of conflict over sex within the cooperating __ | group and alliances |
| exogamy example | the arapesh in new guinea- margeret mead |
| a rule perscribing that a person must marry within a aprticular group | endogamy |
| example of endogamy | caste system in india |
| the children of a parents siblings of the opposite sex (mothers brothers, fathers sisters) | cross cousins |
| the children of parent's same sex siblings (mothers sisters, fathers brothers) | parrallel cousins |
| cross cousins would be a __ marriage | preferential marriage |
| example of parallel cousins | muslim arabs of north africa |
| where descent groups are __, parallel cousins are members of ones own kinship group but cross cousins are not | unilineal |
| a rule specifying that membership in a descent group is based on links through either the maternal or paternal line | unilineal descent |
| the custom whereby a man marries the widow of a deceased brother | levirate |
| the custom whereby when a mans wife dies, her sister is given to him as a wife | sororate |
| a rule that permits a person to be married to only one spouse at a time | monogamy |
| a rule allowing more than one spouse | polygamy |
| a rule permitting a man to have more than one wife at a time | polygyny |
| a rule permitting a woman to have more than one husband at a time | polyandry |
| the form of polygyny in which a man marries sisters | sororal polygyny |
| example of sororal polygyny | tiwi of australia |
| a custom whereby a woman marries a man and his brothers | fraternal polyandry |
| example of fraternal polyandry | toda of southern india, pahari hindus, tibet and nepal |
| the process by which senior family members excercise a great degree of control over the choice of their children's spouses | arranged marriage |
| the cultural rule that a man must work for his bride's family for a variable length of time either before or after marriage | bride service |
| goods presented by the groom's kin to the bride's kin to legitimize a marriage | brideswealth |
| bridewealth otherwise known as | bride price |
| bridewealth example | kipsigis of east africa - livestock and cash |
| a presentation of goods by the bride's kin to the family of the groom or to the couple | dowry |
| example of dowry | india |
| dowry is a payment from | brides family to grooms family |
| a family organized around the conjugal tie and consisting of husband, wife, and their children | nuclear family |
| the relationship between a husband and wife fromed by marriage | conjugal tie |
| family based on blood relations extending over three or more generations | extended family |
| consanguineal | related by blood |
| persons living in the same house, usually, but not always members of a family | domestic group (household) |
| system under which a couple establishes an independent household after marriage | neolocal residence |
| system under which a bride lives with her husbands family after marriage | patrilocal residence |
| an aggregate of nuclear families linked by a common spouse | composite family |
| a nuclear family with a dependent adult added on | stem family |
| lineage formed by descent in the male line | patrilineage |
| a lineage formed by descent in the female line | matrilineage |
| system under which a husband lives with his wife's family after marriage | matrilocal residence |
| system under which a married couple lives with the husbands mothers brother | avunculocal residence |
| system under which a married couple has the hcoice of living with the husbands or the wifes family | bilocal residence |
| the three major junctions of marriage and the family are regulating sexual access between males and females, and assigning responsibility for | child care |
| although marriage and family forms in most societies are grounded in the biological complementarity of male and female and the biological process of reproduction, there is a great variety in the forms and functions of | families |
| the na of china do not traditionally practice marriage and children remain throughout their life in the __ household | mothers |
| the na of china provoke the question of whether marriage is __ and whether procreation is a universal function of the family | universal |
| incest taboos are prohibitions on mating between people classified as | relatives |
| some theories of incest taboos attempt to account for the unversality of such tabbos as that they limit __. prevent disruption within the __, and force people to marry out of their immediate families, thus joining people into a larger __ | inbreeding, family, social community |
| exogamy is a rule adaptive in forging __ between families within a society | alliances |
| endogamy keeps wealth within the group and maintains __ of the bloodline | purity |
| in many societies there are preferential __ of marriage, such as the preference of cross cousins or parallel cousins to marry, or the practice of levirate or sororate | rules |
| most world societies allow form of __ marriage | plural |
| polygyny is found mainly in __ societies but also foraging societies like tiwi of australia | horticultural |
| because tiwi woman make important contributions to food supply, men benifit from polygyny, which is a source of power for __, who become center of economic social unit of cowives and daughter | women |
| polyandry is much __ than polygyny and occurs only in special circumstances | rarer |
| in many societies because of substantial economic investment of kin groups in __, family elders have substantial or even totaly control over choosing their chilrens spouses | marriage |
| marriage, a publically sanctioned relationship, most often is legitamized by an exchange of | goods |
| because in most societies, males have culturally sanctioned power over females, domestic __ occurs in many societies | violence |
| in the US where cases of domestic violence involve immigrant workers, the cultural __ may be raised as an issue | defense |
| nuclear family is found predominantly in contemporary __ societies and __ societies | industrial, foraging |
| nuclear family appears to be adaptive where __ is important | geographical mobility |
| the american family is changing in many ways from its ideal of a __ | nuclear family |
| the extended family predominates among | cultivators |
| extended family provides a larger number of __ than nuclear family and allows land holding to be kept in tact over generations | workers |
| a domestic groups usually contains members of a | family |
| the composition of households is shaped by the __ residence rules of a society | postmarital |
| the most widespread rule of residence is __ which requires a wife to live with her husbands family | patrilocality |
| matrilocality is found in __ societies | horticultural |
| neolocality is found in | US |
| in many societies the aged remain with their __ | families and communities |
| related thorugh marriage (class notes) | affinal |
| related through adoption (class notes) | fictive |
| culture divided in half | molety |
| a culturally defined relationship established on the basis of blood ties or thorugh marriage | kinship |
| the most important social bond | kinship |
| the totality of kin relations, kin groups, and terms for classifying kin in a society | kinship system |
| the words used to identify different categories of kin in a particular culture | kinship terminology |
| a biological father | genitor |
| the socially designated father of a child, who may or may not be the biological father | pater |
| relations by marriage, in law relations | affinal |
| the transfer of property between generations | inheritance |
| the transfer of office or social position between generations | succession |
| the culturally established affiliation between a child and one or both parents | descent |
| a group of kin who are descendants of a common ancestor, extending beyond two generations | descent group |
| immigrants who maintain close relations with their home countries | transmigrant |
| a rule specifying that membership in a descent group is based on links through either the maternal or paternal line, but not both | unilineal descent |
| a rule that affiliates a person to kin of both sexes related through males only | patrilineal descent |
| a rule that affiliates a person to kin of both sexes related through females only | matrilineal descent |
| a group of kin whose members trace descent from a known common ancestor | lineage |
| a lineage formed in the male line | patrilineage |
| example of patrilineage | the neur |
| the lineage formed by descent in the female line | matrilineage |
| matrilineage example | hopi- sisters closest tie |
| a unilineal kinship group whose member believe themselves to be descended from a common ancestor but who cannot trace this link through known relatives | clan |
| a unilineal descent group composed of a number of clans whose members feel themselves to be closely related | phratry |
| an animal, plant, or other aspect of the natural world held to be ancestral or to have other intimate relationships with members of a group | totem |
| soo ho choi, eldest son of pine tree in korean vilalge gets | lions share of family's property |
| the tracing descent through both matrilineal and patrilineal links, each of which is used for different purposes | double descent |
| ex of double descent | yako nigeria, 5% of world population |
| any system of descent in which both father's and mother's lineages have equal claim to the individual | nonunilineal descent |
| _% of worlds culture is nonunilineal descent | 40 |
| any nonunilineal system of descent | cognatic descent |
| system of descent under which individuals are equally affiliated with their mothers and fathers descent group | bilateral descent |
| a unique kin network made up of all the people related to a specific individual in a bilateral kinship system | kindred |
| a kinship group produced by an ambilineal descent system | rammage |
| a form of bilateral descent in which an individual may choose to affiliate with either the fathers or mothers descent group | ambilineal descent |
| generation, relative age, lineality vs collaterality, gender, cosanguineal vs affinal kin, sex of linking relative, side of family | principles for classifying kin |
| blood relations linked through descent, such as ego, egos mother, egos grandmother, and egos daughter | lineal kin |
| kin descended from a common ancestor but not in a direct ascendent or descendent line, such as siblings and cousins | collateral kin |
| blood ties between people | consanguinity |
| a princoiple of classifying kin under which different kinship terms are used for the mothers side of the family and the fathers side of the family | bifurication |
| function of kinship system are to provide continuity between __ and to define a group of people who can depend on one another for mutual __ | generations, aid |
| in traditional societies, kinship is the most important basis of social __ | organization |
| kinship contrasts with industrial societies where citizenship social class and common interests are __ important than kinship | more |
| descent is important in formation of corporate social - | groups |
| lineages tend to have _ functions | domestic |
| both lineages and clans are important in | regulating marriage |
| in patrilineal systems, _ have control over wives and families and marriage is governed by strong __ | husband, sanctions |
| in matrilineal systems, __ has authority over his sisters children, and relations between husband and wife are more __ That in patrilineal societies | mothers brother, fragile |
| a bilateral rule of descent results in the formation of __, which are overlapping kinship networks rather than a permanent group of kin | kindreds |
| bilateral kinship is found predominantly among __ and among modern __ states | foragers, industrialized |
| the biological difference between male and female | sex |
| the cultural construction that makes biological and physical differences into socially meaningful categories | gender |
| the idea that gender characteristics are the result of historical, ecoonmic, and political forces acting within each culture | cultural construction of gender |
| an alternative gender role in Oman on the saudi arabian peninsula | xanith |
| an alternative gender role in native america (formally calledberdache) | two spirit role |
| an alternative gender role in tahiti | mahu |
| an alternative gender role in india conceptualized as neither man nor woman | hijra |
| a ritual that moves an individual from one social status to another | right of passage |
| a womans first menstruation | menarche |
| the question of why in almost all cultures masculinity is viewed not as a natural state but as a problematic status to be won thorugh overcoming obstacles | manhood puzzle |
| a cultural construction of hypermasculinity as essential to the male gender role | machismo |
| the cultural expectations of men and women in a particular society, including division of labor | gender role |
| the ways in which gendered activities and attributes are differentially valued and related to the disruption of resources pretige and power in a society | gender hierarchy |
| a gender system in which womens status is lowered by their almost exclusive cultural identification with the home and children whereas men are identified with public prestigious economic and political roles | private/pubic dichotomy |
| begining with the work ofmargaret mead and emphasized in the work of feminist anthropologists, the prevailing view in anthropology today is that gender is not bioligically determined but rather | culturally constructed |
| although all cultures distinguish between masculine and feminine, some cultures include | inbetween roles |
| views about the nature of male and female sexually are part of gender __ | ideologies |
| attempts to control female sexuality are imbedded in gender | hierarchies |
| sexuality is patterned by _ and rooted by _ | culture, biology |
| one explanation for gender hierarchy in some societies is the | private public dichotomy |
| the private public dichotomy is not __ and does not appear to apply to many foraging societies | universal |
| the contemporary anthropological view is that gender relations are v__ and __ and must be understood within particular cultural and historical contexts | variable and complex |
| the tlingit, a matrilineal society of the northwest coast of north america are an example of gender | egalitariansim |
| although there is a gendered division of labor, tlingit woman have __ and a great degree of autonomy and influence | high status |
| gender relations in horticultural societies vary considerably. often, the impact of western economies has lef to a decline in the economic status and prestige of __, as illustrated in the nukamanu atoll int he pacific | women |
Created by:
lilcollins92