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Oceanography chapter
Oceanography ch 5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| authigenic sediment | Sediment formed directly by precipitation from seawater; also called hydrogenous sediment. |
| biogenous sediment | Sediment of biological origin. Organisms can deposit calcareous (calcium-containing) or siliceous (silicon-containing) residue. |
| calcareous ooze | Ooze composed mostly of the hard remains of organisms containing calcium carbonate. |
| calcium carbonate compensation depth | The depth at which the rate of accumulation of calcareous sediments equals the rate of dissolution of those sediments. Below this depth, sediment contains little or no calcium carbonate. |
| carbon cycle | The movement of carbon from reservoirs (sediment, rock, ocean) through the atmosphere (as carbon dioxide), through food webs, and back to the reservoirs. |
| clamshell sampler | A sampling device used to take shallow samples of the ocean bottom. |
| clay | Sediment particle smaller than 0.004 millimeter in diameter; the smallest sediment size category. |
| coccolithophore | A very small planktonic alga carrying discs of calcium carbonate, which contributes to biogenous sediments. |
| compensation depth | The depth in the water column at which the production of carbohydrates and oxygen by photosynthesis exactly equals the consumption of carbohydrates and oxygen by respiration. The break-even point for autotrophs. Generally a function of light level. |
| cosmogenous sediment | Sediment of extraterrestrial origin. |
| Curie point | The temperature above which a material loses its magnetism. |
| deposition | Accumulation, usually of sediments. |
| diatom | Earth’s most abundant, successful, and efficient single-celled phytoplankton. Diatoms possess two interlocking valves made primarily of silica. The valves contribute to biogenous sediments. |
| dissolution | The dissolving by water of minerals in rocks |
| dissolution | The dissolving by water of minerals in rocks. |
| evaporite | Deposit formed by the evaporation of ocean water. |
| foraminiferan | One of a group of planktonic amoeba-like animals with a calcareous shell, which contributes to biogenous sediments. |
| hydrogenous sediment | A sediment formed directly by precipitation from seawater; also called authigenic sediment. |
| iceberg | A large mass of ice floating in the ocean that was formed on or adjacent to land. Tabular icebergs are tablelike or flat; pinnacled icebergs are castellated, or jagged. Southern icebergs are often tabular; northern icebergs are often pinnacled. |
| lithification | Conversion of sediment into sedimentary rock by pressure or by the introduction of a mineral cement |
| microtektite | Translucent oblong particles of glass, a component of cosmogenous sediment. |
| mineral | A naturally occurring inorganic crystalline material with a specific chemical composition and structure. |
| mixture | A close intermingling of different substances that still retain separate identities. The properties of a mixture are heterogeneous; they may vary within the mixture. |
| neritic | Of the shore or coast; refers to continental margins and the water covering them, or to nearshore organisms. |
| neritic sediment | Continental shelf sediment consisting primarily of terrigenous material. |
| nodule | Solid mass of hydrogenous sediment, most commonly manganese or ferromanganese nodules and phosphorite nodules. |
| oolite sand | Hydrogenous sediment formed when calcium carbonate precipitates from warmed seawater as pH rises, forming rounded grains around a shell fragment or other particle. |
| ooze | Sediment of at least 30% biological origin. |
| Ophiuroidea | The class of the phylum Echinodermata to which brittle stars belong. |
| paleoceanography | The study of the ocean’s past. |
| pelagic sediment | Sediments of the slope, rise, and deep-ocean floor that originate in the ocean. |
| piston corer | A seabed-sampling device capable of punching through up to 25 meters (80 feet) of sediment and returning an intact plug of material. |
| poorly sorted sediment | A sediment in which particles of many sizes are found. |
| precipitate | (1) A solid substance formed in an aqueous reaction. (2) The process by which a solute forms in and falls from a solution. The falling of water or ice from the atmosphere. |
| pteropod | A small planktonic mollusk with a calcareous shell, which contributes to biogenous sediments. |
| radiolarian | One of a group of usually planktonic amoeba-like animals with a siliceous shell, which contributes to biogenous sediments. |
| sand | Sediment particle between 0.062 and 2 millimeters in diameter. |
| sea level | The height of the ocean surface. See also mean sea level. |
| sediment | Particles of organic or inorganic matter that accumulate in a loose, unconsolidated form. |
| siliceous ooze | Ooze composed mostly of the hard remains of silica-containing organisms. |
| silt | Sediment particle between 0.004 and 0.062 millimeter in diameter. |
| stratigraphy | The branch of geology that deals with the definition and description of natural divisions of rocks; specifically, the analysis of relationships of rock strata. |
| tektite | A small, rounded, glassy component of cosmogenous sediments, usually less than 1.5 millimeters (1D20 inch) in length; thought to have formed from the impact of an asteroid or meteor on the crust of Earth or the moon. |
| terrigenous sediment | Sediment derived from the land and transported to the ocean by wind and flowing water. |
| turbidite | A terrigenous sediment deposited by a turbidity current; typically, coarse-grained layers of nearshore origin interleaved with finer sediments. |
| turbulence | Chaotic fluid flow. |
| velocity | Speed in a specified direction |
| well-sorted sediment | sediment A sediment in which particles are of uniform size. |
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