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Lipid

QuestionAnswer
Lipid Fats. Large molecules, insolubing in water. Soluable in organic solvents. Need protein carrier to be transported in plasma.
Hydrophobic Insoluble in water.
Types of Lipids Fatty acids (FA) Triglycerides (TG) Phospholipids (PL) Cholesterol (CL) Sphingolipids
Lipoproteins (LP) lipids + proteins.
apo means without.
apoprotein protein of LP minus lipids.
apolipoprotein protein with lipids.
apoproteins found in LP Apo A, B, C, D, E Made in liver
Four classes of LP Chylomicrons (CM) lease density/highest lipids/lowest proteins VLDL (very low density) LDL (low density) HDL (high density)
chylomicrons lowest density float on top of serum after overnight refrig Function: transport exogenous (dietary) TG (+ some CL) to tissues; produced in intestines in response to ingested fat.
VLDL Function: carries endogenous TG (made in liver) from liver to tissues; lipase breaks off FA ---cells take FA & glycerol to use or store as TG
LDL carries endogenous CL (made in liver) to tissues; LDL brought into cells by endocytosis ---- CL removed & used by cells apo B = major apoprotein in LDL
HDL "reverse" CL pathway = CL scavenger; brings CL from tissues to liver ----liver uses CL (mainly breaks down to bile acids) apo A = major apoprotein in HDL
Apoproteins A = major HDL apo B = major LDL apo C = VLDL & CM; activates LP lipase.
Lipid panel (profile) 1. Total CL (CL in VLDL, LDL, HDL) 2. HDL-CL (may need pretreatment 3. LDL (calculate or measure 4. TG 12-16 hr fast 5. serum appearance 6. may caluculate total CL:HDL ratio, risk index, VLDL (TG/5).
pretreatment to separate HDL from VLDL & LDL
Follow up test to Lipid panel LP electrophoresis
Total serum CL includes CL in HDL, LDL, VLDL, CM LDL carries 60% CL = major CL carrier HDL carries 20% VLDL carries 15% CM carries 5% (not normally present after 12-16 hr fast
Desirable Ranges Total CL <200 mg/dL HDL >55-60 mg/dL LDL <100 mg/dL TG <150 mg/dL
Methods Total CL cholesterol esterase enzymatic method = 3 coupled enzyme reactions 1. CL esterase----esterified CL to nonesterfied CL 2. CL oxidase reaction: nonester CL ----H2O2 + CL ketone form 3. peroxidase reaction: converts H2O2 ---- colored product.
Methods HDL-CL Most common methods require pretreatment to separate HDL-CL from other LP 1. add Mg & phosphotungstate ---- precipitates VLDL & LDL 2. spin down ----precipitate spins to bottom HDL-CL in supernatant 3. perform CL analysis on supernatant = HDL
Methods LDL-CL Most common method = calculation from T-CL, HDL, and TG = Friedewald calculation. LDL = total CL-(HDL + (TG/5)) TG/5 = estimate of VLDL-CL over 400 mg/dL Calulation not valid if TG>4
Indicator reaction Last reaction.
Serum apperances High initial appearance overnight CM-TG lipemic, milky creamy layer rises VLDL-TG turbid VLDL & CM creamy/turbid LDL-CL yellow-tinted LDL-CL & CM creamy over clear (poss yellow
LP electrophoresis may be ordered after abnormal lipid profile to further characterize type of lipid abnormalty
LP electrophoresis procedure 1. electrophoresis in buffer pH 8.6 so that proteins in LP have net negative charge---separates LP into four fractions (bands) 2. stain bainds with lipid stain----see bands 3. scan with densitometer to get peaks corresponding to bands; aids in interp
Bands with electrophoresis HDL travels furthest to anode; corresponds to alpha position on SPE VLDL in pre-beta position (between HDL & LDL) LDL in beta position CM do not move from origin
Lipoprotein (a) LPa)=another LP in plasma similar in structure to LDL. Values >30mg/dL=high risk factor for CAD. Most "atherogenic LP" High LP(a) + high LDL=High risk for CAD. LP(a) levels do not respond to diet/exercise. Probably genetic. Niacin will lower LP(a).
Created by: magiclelo
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