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sfChemistry Midterm
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| chemistry | study of matter and the changes that it undergoes |
| matter | anything that takes up space and has mass |
| weight | mass with gravitational force |
| mass | measure of inertia in an object |
| inertia | ability of an object to resist motion |
| nature of matter | composition, forces and observable properties |
| physical changes | doesn't change chemical composition of an object |
| chemical changes | changes chemical composition of an object |
| energy | ability to do work |
| kinetic energy | energy of motion |
| potential energy | stored energy |
| inorganic chemistry | study of elements not carbon |
| organic chemistry | study of certain carbon compounds |
| biochemistry | study of compounds of living organisms |
| embalming chemistry | study of changes related to disinfection and preservation of human remains |
| thanatochemistry | study of physical and chemical changes in the human body caused by the process of death |
| International System of Units | standard set of units used by all scientists |
| meter | standard unit of measurement |
| liter | standard unit of volume |
| kilogram | standard unit of mass |
| calorie | standard unit of heat |
| kilocalorie | 1000 calories, standard used for food |
| mega M | 1000000, 10^6 |
| kilo, k | 1000, 10^3 |
| deci, d | 0.1, 10^-1 |
| centi, c | 0.01, 10^-2 |
| milli, m | 0.001, 10^-3 |
| micro, u | 0.000001, 10^-6 |
| nano, n | 0.000000001, 10^-9 |
| law of conservation of matter | matter can not be created or destroyed, just rearranged |
| law conservation of energy | 1st Law of Thermodynamics, energy neither created or destroyed |
| physical property | characteristic that can be observed without altering the chemical composition of a substance |
| qualitative | subjective: State, color, odor |
| quantitative | Able to be measured. Objective. Melting, boiling, solubility |
| 3 states of matter | solid, liquid, gas |
| melting point | Physical property. Temperature at a particular pressure which a substance changes form the solid state to a liquid state |
| freezing point | Physical property. Same as melting point. Substance changing from liquid to a solid |
| boiling point | Physical property. Temperature at a pressure which substance changes form liquid to a gas |
| solubility | Physical property. How much of something will dissolve in a given amount of water or other liquid substance |
| density | Physical property. Relationship between mass and volume. Density = M/V |
| specific gravity | Physical property. Ratio of mass of the substance to the mass of and equal volume of watter at the same temp. SG = mass solid or liquid/mass of equal vol of water. Or Density/Density. No units |
| chemical property | characteristic observed when substance reacting with other forms of matter and changes the substance. Burning, acid/base, salts, oxide |
| physical change | Manifests a physical property. Changes in state, dissolving, ice melting, freezing, boiling |
| chemical change | Manifests a chemical property that forms a new substance after reaction. burning, rusting, decomposition |
| oxidation | Chemical change. Reacting with Oxygen. Burning, rusting. Also called combustion |
| decomposition | Chemical changes of decomposition |
| States of matter | Determined by amount of energy |
| solid | -least energy -vibrates around fixed positions -absorbs heat to turn into liquid -has definite shape and volume |
| liquid | -has intermediate energy and particles slide past one another -needs energy to become gas -doesn't have definite shape or volume |
| gas | -most energetic -doesn't have definite shape or volume |
| heat of fusion | specific quantity of heat that's absorbed to convert 1 gram of solid to 1 gram of liquid at the substance's melting point |
| Heat of fusion of water | 80 calories |
| heat of vaporization | amount of heat necessary to change 1 gram of substance from liquid to a gaseous state at boiling point |
| heat of vaporization of water | 540 calories |
| exothermic process | "out" - removing heat - any process that gives off, liberates, heat from the perspective of the substance X ---> Y + heat -> Y + heat Gas -> Liquid -> Solid |
| endothermic process | "in" - adding heat - any process that absorbs heat X + Heat ----> Y |
| sublimation | direct physical change in state from solid to gas Ex. Dry ice |
| entropy | measure of amount of disorder or randomness |
| Increases --> Solid-Liquid-Gas | > Solid-Liquid-Gas |
| Compressibility - property of gas | volume of a gas may be decreases by increasing the pressure of the gas |
| expansivity - property of gas | gas will increases its volume when heated |
| diffusibility | movement of gas when introduced into a container. From higher concentration to lower |
| volume of gas | volume of gas is equal to the volume of the container |
| pressure | force per unit area and gas exerts a pressure on the wall of their containers |
| 2 units of measures of pressure | mercury barometer and torr 1 atmosphere (atm) = 760 Hg or 1 torr |
| gas laws | describes relationship of the pressure, volume and temperature of a gas. PV/T = PV/T |
| Boyle's Law | volume occupied by a gas is inversely proportional to the pressure as temperature remains constant. PV=PV 1 atmosphere (atm) = 760 Hg or 1 torr |
| Charles' Law | volume of a fixed quantity of gas is directly proportional to its Kelvin temperature of the pressure remains constant. V/T=V/T. Example: incubator |
| Kelvin scale | K = C + 273. Also known as absolute scale Temperature can't be Zero in the denominator |
| properties of liquid | minimal free space. incompressible. Maintains their volume and takes shape of container |
| condensation | transition from gas to a liquid |
| evaporation | cooling, transition form liquid to gas, absorbs heat = endothermic |
| equilibrium | opposing rates of condensation and evaporation are equal |
| equilibrium vapor pressure | pressure exerted by vapor (gas) when it's in equilibrium with it's liquid |
| temperature vs vapor (gas) pressure | as temperature increases, the vapor (gas) pressure of the liquid increases. Direct proportion |
| boiling | rapid passage of liquid particles to the vapor (gas) state by forming bubbles |
| boiling point | temperature which a liquid boils at |
| normal boiling point | boiling point of water at 1 atm. 100C, 212F, 373K |
| freezing point | temperature where substance changes from liquid to solid. |
| For water: 0C, 32F, 272K | 32F |
| properties of solid | nearly incompressible. low entropy. no expansivity. but not motionless |
| melting | add heat to a substance and the kinetic energy of the particles increases until solid breaks apart |
| melting point | temperature where substance changes from solid to liquid |
| 2 categories of matter | 1. pure substance and 2. mixtures |
| pure substances | elements and compounds |
| elements | substances that can't be decomposed by any further chemical or ordinary means |
| mixtures | 2 or more nonchemically united substances that are in no definite proportion by mass |
| properties of compounds | substances composed of two or more elements, chemically united in a particular proportion |
| law of Definite Proportions | when 2 or more elements chemically combine, they always combine in a particular fixed or definite proportion by mass |
| 4 types of inorganic compounds | 1. oxides 2. acids 3. bases 4. salts |
| properties of mixtures | formed with varying proportions of their components and can be separated into their component parts by physical changes |
| 2 types of mixtures | heterogeneous or homogeneous |
| freezing | physical change from liquid to solid |
| freezing point | temperature that a liquid freezes |
| normal freezing point | temperature a liquid freezes at 1 atm |
Created by:
suleman
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