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Sociology 110 exam 2
Exam 2 Chapters 8, 12, 7, 17
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| define deviance | behavior that violates expected rules or norms |
| define positive deviance | behavior that over conforms to social expectations. |
| what is an example of positive deviance? | students getting consistently high grades. |
| define negative deviance | behavior that falls below social expectations because people are not aware of the rules, reject them, or place a higher priority on different norms. |
| what is an example of negative deviance? | a student getting bad grades in school because they don't study but instead are involved in sports and other activities that take higher priority in their life. |
| define stigma | a negative label that devalues a person and changes her or his self concept and social identity. |
| name the 5 key characteristics of deviance | 1. deviance can be a condition or belief rather than a behavior. 2. Deviance is accompanied by social stigmas. 3. Deviance varies across and within societies. 4. Deviance is formal or informal. 5. Perceptions of deviance can change over time. |
| define crime | a violation of societal norms and rules for which punishment is specified by public law. |
| define criminologists | researchers who use scientific methods to study the nature, extent, cause, and control of criminal behavior. |
| define victim survey | a method of gathering data that involves interviewing people about their experiences as crime victims. |
| define victimless crimes | acts that violate laws but involve individuals who don't consider themselves victims. |
| Who are the most common crime victims? | men, African Americans, under the age of 25, and those who are poor and live in urban areas. |
| Which is ten times more likely to commit murder a male or a female? | Male |
| Define social control | techniques and strategies that regulate people's behavior in society. |
| What is the purpose of social control? | to eliminate, or at least reduce, deviance. |
| Define sanctions | punishments or rewards for obeying or violating a norm. |
| Explain informal social control | things we learn and internalize during childhood. |
| Explain formal social control | regulates social behavior. |
| Explain positive sanctions | rewards for desirable behavior and include a variety of facial expressions(smiling), body language(hug), comments(great job), and other forms of recognition. |
| Explain negative sanctions | punishments that convey disapproval for violating a norm. |
| Give and example of a ultimate formal negative sanction in most societies. | execution |
| Define anomie | describes the condition in which people are unsure of how to behave because of absent, conflicting, or confusing social norms. |
| Define strain theory | the idea that people may engage in deviant behavior when they experience a conflict between goals and the means available to obtain the goals. |
| Explain retreatism | people rejecting both the goals and the means for success |
| Explain ritualism | people that don't expect to get rich but get the necessary education and experience to obtain or retain their jobs. |
| Explain rebellion | people feeling so alienated that they want to change the social structure entire |
| Name the 7 crimes the FBI tracks. | Murder, Rape, Robbery, Assault, Burglary, Theft, Arson |
| What does UCR stand for? | Uniform Crime Report |
| What does NCVS stand for? | National Crime Victimization Survey, people are more apt to answer here. |
| Victimless, Occupation(professional), Organized, White Collar, Corporate, and Transitional are all types of what? | Crime |
| Explain a Occupation(professional) crime | illegal activities committed by individuals in the course of their work. |
| Explain Organized crime | the work of a group that regulates relations among criminal enterprises involved in illegal activities. |
| Explain White Collar crime | illegal activities committed by high status people in the course of their occupation |
| Explain corporate crimes | illegal acts committed by executives to benefit themselves and their companies. |
| Explain Transitional Crime | crime that occurs across multiple national borders. |
| What are the two types of crime that are the hardest to handle? | Cybercrime(internet) and Organized Crime(sleeper cells) |
| Tell 2 of the 5 functions of crime and deviance. | Affirm cultural norms and values, provide temporary safety values, create social unity, Improve the economy, Trigger social change |
| Tell 2 of the 4 dysfunctions of crime and deviance. | Create tension and insecurity,Erode trust in relationships, Damaged confidence in institutions |
| Explain disintegrative in the shaming theory | a deviant being punished or banished out of a group. |
| Explain reintegrative in the shaming theory | is guilt but helping the person to improve their situation and gain trust back. |
| According to the power theory powerful people are more likely to commit crimes than those who are not powerful; What are the 3 reasons for this? | 1. Powerful have greater motive 2. Powerful have greater opportunity 3. Powerful have less controls over them. |
| Name some examples of differential justice. | White offenders face shorter sentences than Black offenders, Women receive lighter sentences than Men. |
| What are explanations for women being victimized according to the feminist perspective on deviance and crime? | Women and girls are commonly the victims of sexual assault, rape, intimate partner violence and other crimes that degrade women, Men have historically dominated the government, judiciary, and the law, Women have been socialized to be weaker. |
| What is social inequality? | a condition in which members of a society enjoy different amounts of wealth, privilege or power. |
| What is social stratification? | a condition in which members of a society are ranked in terms of wealth, privilege, or power. |
| Name the 4 dimensions of stratification | Income Wealth, Power, Prestige, Wealth |
| Explain Wealth in dimensions of stratification | cumulative, pass on to the next generation, and wealth-money and economic assets. |
| Explain Income Wealth in dimensions of stratification | specifically wages and or salary |
| Why is important to know about wealth? | that we can measure it |
| Define Power | the ability of individuals to achieve goals, control events, and maintain influence over other despite opposition. |
| Define power elite | a small group of white men who make the important decisions in the U.S. society. |
| Explain Prestige | respect, recognition, or regard |
| Explain Esteem | regard or respect for an individual |
| What does prestige focus on? | occupation not an individual |
| Define Socialism | an economic and political system based on the principle of public ownership of the production of goods and services |
| Define economy | social institution that determines how a society produces, distributes, and consumes good and services. |
| Define capitalism | an economic system where wealth is in private hands and is invested and reinvested to produce profits |
| What are the 4 benefits for the global economic system of capitalism? | Private ownership of property, Competition, Profit, Investment |
| According to functionalist perspective capitalism allows human beings to serve what? | their own interests |
| What are the two economic conditions that have to do with the actual economic conditions? | Monopoly and Oligopoly |
| Define monopoly | situation where a one person company controls a particular market or industry |
| Define oligopoly | market dominated by a few large suppliers |
| According to what perspective does it claim the rich are getting richer- the poor are getting poorer. | Conflict Perspective |
| Define communism | an economic system under which all property is communally owned and no social distinctions are made on the basis of people's ability to produce |
| Both communism and socialism have a non profit motive but which one has the communal ownership idea? | Communism |
| What is a good random fact to know about communism? | most economies are mixed economies |
| According to Symbolic Interaction, Max Weber focused on human interaction and believed that Capitalism lead to religion or that religion lead to capitalism? | Religion --> capitalism |
| According to Conflict Theory Carol Marx found that capitalism leads to use of religion or that religion leads the use of capitalism | Capitalism--> Religion |
| According to the Feminist Perspective women participate in the labor forces greater as the society changes. True or False? | True |
| What percentage of the family income does a women make? | 33% |
| Why has the proportion of women in the workforce increase dramatically? | Because there is an increase in woman's education and job opportunities, and ride of single mothers |
| What percentage of American's are not satisfied with their jobs? | 53% |
| According to job stratification and stress what are the 4 work benefits? | Accomplishments, Friendships, Learning, Stability |
| What is related to job stratification? | Occupational prestige, Feeling appreciated, Feeling respected, Feeling that their job is important |
| What percent of workers work non-standard hours? | 15% |
| What percentage of women are self-employed? | 38% |
| Within how many years is a business most likely to fail? | 5 years |
| Explain the differential association theory According to symbolic interaction perspectives | suggesting that people learn deviance through interaction |
| Define labeling theory | holds that deviance depends on how others react |
| Explain Primary deviance | the initial violation of a norm or law |
| Explain Secondary deviance | occurs when individuals have been labeled deviant |
| What is a recidivism rate? | it is the rate of prisoners that are released and end up returning within 5 years of being released. |
| Explain collective behavior | the spontaneous and unstructured of a large number of people who may violate traditional or conventional norms and values. Is an act rather than a state of mind |
| What are the six contents of structural strain? | structural constructiveness, Social strain, Growth and spread, Precipitating factors, Mobilizing people, Social control |
| Explain Structural constructiveness according to the structural strain theory | same place, same time, can't have it if they're not there |
| Explain Social strain according to the structural strain theory | societal stress, has to be something that isn't working quite right, ripple/domino effect |
| Explain Growth and spread according to the structural strain theory | of a generalized belief occurs when people begin to see an even as a widespread problem |
| Explain precipitating factors according to the structural strain theory | include an incident or dramatic experience that riggers and event, last straw |
| Explain Mobilizing people according to the structural strain theory | for action occurs when leaders emerge, get the group excited |
| Explain Social control according to the structural strain theory | happens when opposing groups try to prevent the action |
| List the forms of collective behavior from the least structured to most structured | panics, crowds, fads/crazes/fashion, Rumors, Public opinion, Social movements |
| Explain social movements | a large group of people who are organized to promote or resist some social change in society |
| Name the 5 types of social movements | Alternative, Redemptive/expressive, Reformative, Revolutionary, Resistance |
| Explain alternative | focuses on changing one person at a time |
| Explain Redemptive/expressive | trying to change one or a couple people, but now it's more inclusive of the person themselves |
| Explain reformative | changing broader society, but only in one particular area |
| Explain revolutionary | often very violent and disruptive. Trying to change the society monumentally. |
| Explain resistance | trying to prevent change |
| What 2 things are necessary for social movement to exist? | you have to feel you have a right to do something better, you have to believe that you cannot obtain your goal through conventional means. |
| Give the 5 reasons why social movement emerged. | Mass society theory, relative deprivation theory, breakdown theory, resource mobilization theory, new social movements theory |
| Name the 4 stages of social movements | emergence, organization, institutionalization, decline |
| explain emergence | people are upset about some social conditions and want to change it |
| explain organization | active members form alliances, seek media coverage, develop strategies, and tactics |
| explain institutionalization | the movement becomes more organized and bureaucratic |
| explain decline | in the last stage movements may happen |
Created by:
Sara.Ness