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Sociology 101 Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a scientific theory? | A set of statements that seek to explain problems, actions, or behaviors using scientific methods. Example: The differential association theory (you are who you hang out with) |
| What is a hypothesis? | A speculative statement about the relationship between two or more variables. Example: Karl Marx's hypothesis that capitalism will turn to communism |
| What is social darwinism? | The theory that the unfit people and races should be left alone and will eventually die out leaving only the strongest people. Example: Without homeless shelters many of the homeless would die leaving only the successful |
| What is the falsification of hypotheses? | Proving a hypothesis false to find out what isn't true and chip away until only the truth is left. Example: Proving that race does not affect intelligence |
| What is socialization? | The lifelong process in which people can learn the attitudes, values, and behaviors appropriate for members of a particular culture. Example: Children going to school to understand how to behave |
| What are social norms? | An established standard of behavior maintained by a society. Example: In Amish culture it is a norm to wear plain clothes |
| What are achieved and ascribed statuses? | Achieved statuses are earned or chosen while ascribed statuses we are born with or are out of our control. Example: College graduate vs. White male |
| What is a folkway? | A norm governing everyday behavior whose violation raises comparatively little concern. Example: Going up a down escalator is frowned on but will invoke no real punishment |
| What is a role? | A set of behaviors that one plays based on their status in society. Example: A waiter brings the food and takes orders |
| What is a symbol? | A gesture, object, or word that forms the basis of human communication. Example: A wave is a gesture that means hello or goodbye |
| What is social control? | The techniques and strategies for preventing deviant human behavior in any society. Example: Prison is an attempt to control deviant behavior |
| What are agents of socialization? | The vehicles we use to socialize us. Example: The family, media, school |
| What is participant observation? | When you become a part of a phenomenon to better understand it and observe it from the inside. Example: To better understand a gang you become a member of it |
| What are latent functions? | Unintentional functions of an institution of society that can make it dysfunctional if they overtake the manifest function. Example: Many college students meet their spouses at school |
| What are manifest functions? | The function the institution was created to perform. Example: The colleges were created to educate the students |
| What is a variable? | A measurable trait or characteristic that is subject to change under different conditions. Example: The education level of poor individuals |
| What is a social group? | Any number of people with similar norms, values, and expectations who interact with one another on a regular basis. Example: A family or a church congregation |
| What is a social category? | A collection of people who share characteristics but do not interact. Example: People waiting at a bus stop |
| What is the concept of the looking glass self? | A concept used by Charles Cooley that emphasizes the self as the product of our social interactions. Example: If others perceive us as successful thats how we will see ourselves |
| What is dysfunction? | An element or process of a society that may disrupt the social system or reduce its stability. Example: If an institution fails to perform its manifest function |
| What is impression management? | The altering of the presentation of self in order to create distinctive appearances and satisfy particular audiences. Example: If we are being loud in a museum we will see how others react and change our behavior accordingly |
| What is counter culture? | Any culture that has a different belief and value set and openly disagrees with mainstream society. Example: The Amish disagree with the use of technology |
| Why is nonverbal communication so important to the interactionist perspective in sociological analysis? | Because symbols have to have the same meaning for both parties using them. |
| What is a status? | A position in society that someone occupies with roles and behaviors associated with it. Example: A doctor |
| What is a functionalist approach to a problem? | Institutions fulfill functions in society and when they fail to perform their function a breakdown occurs. They look at departures from the status quo and is a macro approach. |
| What are the versions of a conflict approach to a problem? | Marxist and Pluralist |
| What is a Marxist approach to a problem? | They look at the maldistribution of power in society and give an emphasis on power relationships. |
| What is a Pluralist approach to a problem? | Focuses on value conflicts between different groups in society. Solved by a compromise between the groups where both feel their values can be preserved. |
| What is an interactionist approach to a problem? | It focuses on the role of primary groups in society and how people define themselves or others through labeling or definition of the situation. Emphasizes the importance of symbols, micro approach. |
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