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Dose management
Ch 11 and 12
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 1. Because the workforce in radiation-related jobs is small compared with the population as a whole, the amount of radiation received by this workforce can be larger than the amount received by the general public without altering the: | Genetically significant dose (GSD |
| 2. Which of the following is a tenet of the ALARA concept? | The radiographer's exposure should be kept as low as reasonably achievable. |
| 3. A facility that employs a pregnant rad tech should provide an additional monitor to be worn at waist level during all radiation procedures. The purpose of this addi¬tional monitor is to ensure that the monthly EqD to the embryo-fetus does not exceed: | 0.5 mSv (0.05 rem) |
| 4. Which of the following are radiation sources that can be generated in a diagnostic x-ray room?1. Primary radiation 2. Scatter radiation 3. Leakage radiation | 1, 2, and 3 |
| 5. During C-arm fluoroscopy, the exposure rate caused by scatter near the entrance surface of the patient (the x-ray tube side) the expo¬sure rate caused by scatter near the exit surface of the patient (the image intensifier side). | Exceeds |
| 6. which dose reduction features should be in working order?1. low-dose fluoroscopy mode& pulsed beam mode 2. Collimation, beam filtration, removable grids, variable optical aperture 3. Roadmapping, time-interval differences,& last-image-hold mode) | 1,2, and 3 |
| 7. In diagnostic radiology, which of the following radi¬ation sources poses the greatest occupational hazard for the radiographer? | Scattered radiation |
| 8. Which of the following methods and devices reduce(s) the radiographer's exposure during a fluo¬roscopic examination?1. Adequate x-ray beam collimation 2. Control of technical exposure factors 3. Use of a remote control fluoroscopic system | 1, 2, and3 |
| 9. If the peak energy of the diagnostic x-ray beam is 130kVp, the primary protective barrier generally should consist of at least and extend upward from the floor of the x-ray room when the tube is 5 to 7 feet from the wall in question. | 1/16-inch lead, 7 feet |
| 10. Which of the following radiation sources is the con¬trol booth barrier not intended to intercept in a diag¬nostic x-ray room?1. Leakage radiation 2. Primary radiation 3. Scattered radiation | 2 only |
| 11. Protective shielding for an uncontrolled area (e.g., a hall or corridor frequented by the general public) must ensure that the maximal EqD for that area is no greater than____per week. | 20 microsieverts (2 mrem) |
| 12 T/F Radiographers and non occupationally exposed individuals should never stand in the useful beam to restrain a patient during a radiographic procedure. | true |
| 13. Of the devices listed below, which eliminates non¬useful low-energy photons from the primary beam? 1. Collimator light source 2. Electronic sensors 3. Aluminum filtration | 3 only |
| 14. Which of the following is the most effective means of protection from ionizing radiation normally available to the radiographer? | Placing as much distance as possible between oneself and the source of radiation |
| 15. The lead glass window of the control booth barrier in a stationary (fixed) radiographic installation typi¬cally consists of which of the following? | 1.5 mm lead equivalent |
| 16. The beam direction factor is also known as the: | Use factor |
| 17. If the intensity of the x-ray is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source, how does the intensity of the x -ray beam change when the distance from the source of radiation and a measure¬ment point is quadrupled? | It decreases by a factor of 16 at the new distance |
| 18. Leakage radiation and scatter radiation are forms of: | Secondary radiation |
| 19. Diagnostic x-ray installations must be equipped with: | Radiation-absorbent barriers. |
| 20. What are the main principles used to minimize occupational radiation exposure? | 1. Time 2. Distance 3. Shielding |
| 21. Pregnant radiographers can wear an additional moni¬toring device at waist level to ensure that the monthly EqD does not exceed: | 0.5 mSv (0.05 rem) |
| 22. During fluoroscopy, which of the following will pro¬vide radiation protection for the radiographer and the radiologist?1. Adequate collimation of the x-ray beam 2. Use of high-speed image receptor systems 3. Use of a cumulative timing device | 1,2, and 3 |
| 23. Floors of radiation rooms except dental installa¬tions, doors, walls, and ceilings of radiation rooms exposed routinely to the primary beam are given a use factor of: | 1 |
| 24. If a radiographer stands 1 m from an x-ray tube and is subjected to an exposure rate of 4 mR/h, what will the exposure rate be if the same radiographer moves to a position 2m from the x-ray tube? | 1 mR/h |
| 25. If a radiographer moves closer to a source of radia¬tion, the radiation exposure to the radiographer: | Increases significantly |
| 1. As a consequence of their anatomic location, the female reproductive organs receive__________exposure during a given radiographic procedure involving the pelvic region than do male reproductive organs. | 3 times more |
| 2. In fluoroscopy, how is the amount of radiation that a patient receives usually estimated? | By measuring the radiation exposure rate at table top and multiplying this by fluoro time |
| 3. Direct patient shielding is not typically used in: | CT |
| 4. In which projection will a young female patient receive a significantly lower dose to her breast tissue during a chest x-ray? | PA |
| 5. How should the radiographer protect a woman who is 3 months pregnant and is suspected of having a c-spine injury from a MVA? | Select smallest exp factors to produce a diagnostically useful image, adequately collimate to only the area of interest, shield the patients lower abdomen and pelvis |
| 6. Pediatric patients require special consideration and appropriate radiation protection because they are more vulnerable to: | Both the late somatic effects and genetic effects of radiation |
| 7. Why is a PA projection used for a juvenile scoliosis examination? | Lower entrance exposure dose to the anterior body surface, thereby significantly reducing the dose to the breast |
| 8. Federal regulations set forth for screening mammography facilities state that the mean dose to the glandular tissue for a 4.5cm compressed breast using a screen-film mammography system should not exceed what? | 3 mGy (300 rad) per view |
| 9. Duplicate of | 25 in workbook |
| 10. If 500 people were inhabiting the earth and each person received an Eqd of .005Sv (.5 rem) gonadal radiation, the gross genetic effect would be__________ the effect if 50 inhabitants received .05Sv (5 rem) of gonadal radiation. | Identical to |
| 1. Effective communication between the radiographer and the patient depends on what? | Verbal/nonverbal messages are congruent, procedure is explained in simple terms, clear and concise instructions are given; patient is given the opportunity to ask questions which are answered truthfully w/in ethical limits |
| 2. Interslice scatter during a CT scanning procedure results in: | Increase in patient dose |
| 3. Because no localizing light field exists and the field of view is usually moving during a fluoroscopic study: | A shadow shield is not suitable for use |
| 4. What results in an increase in patient dose? | Use of the lowest possible kVp with the highest possible mAs for each exam |
| 5. Duplicate of | 2 in book |
| 6. If a cross-table c-spine was taken with an 8:1 ratio grid & appropriate exp factors, then another radiograph is taken using an air gap technique and exp factors comparable to those used with the 8:1 ratio grid, the patient dose is: | About the same |
| 7. The skin and gonads of the patient receive a "double-dose" of x-radiation: | Whenever a repeat radiograph occurs as a consequence of human or mechanical error |
| 8. The benefits of a repeat analysis program include: | |
| 9. The exposure of the fetus to radiation arising from diagnostic procedures: | Would rarely be cause, by itself, for terminating a pregnancy |
| 10. When an person of childbearing age undergoes a diagnostic procedure, gonadal shielding should be used to protect the reproductive organs from exposure: | When the reproductive organs are or w/in 5cm of the beam; unless shielding will compromise the diagnostic value of the exam |
| 11. What device is most often used to assess skin doses? | Thermoluminescent dosimeters |
| 12. The Image Gently campaign advocates lowering patient dose by: | Child-sizing the kV and mA; scanning only the indicated area; removing multiphase scans from pediatric protocols |
| 13. In computed tomography, which factors affect patient dose? | Changes in noise level; pixel size; slice thickness |
| 14. If 75% of the acive bone marrow were in the useful beam during a procedure, and were to receive an average absorbed dose of .4mGy (40mrad), what would the mean marrow dose be? | .3mGy (30mrad) |
| 15. The actual dose delivered during a computed tomography scanning procedure depends on the: | Type of scanner being used; radiation technical exp factors selected |
| 16. Digital mammography units with the ability to enhance contrast w/image gray level manipulation offers improvement for: | Patients with dense breasts |
| 17. To ensure a diagnostic image w/minimal patient dose, the technique chosen must ensure: | Adequate radiographic density; an adequate amount of contrast between adjacent tissue densities; sufficient penetration of the area of interest |
| 18. If a radiographic procedure will cause pain, discomfort, or any strange sensations, the patient: | Must be informed before the procedure begins, but the radiographer shouldn't overempasize this aspect of the exam |
| 19. The product of x-ray electron tube current & the amount of time in seconds during which the x-ray beam is activated results in: | mAs |
| 20. Negelecting to use standardized technique charts when AEC isn't used necessitates estimating the technical exp factors, which may result in: | Poor-quality images; repeat exams; unnecessary exp for the patient |
| 21. Duplicate of | 3 in book |
| 22. From a radiation protection point of view, the goal of CT imaging should be to obtain the best possible image while delivering: | An acceptable level of ionizing radiation to the patient |
| 23. CT scanning is considered a relatively high-radiation exposure diagnostic procedure because of increasing use of: | Multislice spiral CT scanners using small slice thickness |
| 24. If a pregnant patient is inadvertently irradiated, which medical professional should determine fetal dose? | Radiologic physicist |
| 25. What radiographic procedures are considered unnecessary? | Chest x-ray exam as part of a preemployment physical; chest x-ray exam for mass screening for TB; whole body multislice spiral CT scanning |
| 1. Although the radiographer and other diagnostic imaging personnel are allowed to absorb more radia¬tion than the general public, the ________ received must be minimized whenever possible. | equivalent dose |
| 2. ________radiation poses the greatest occupational hazard in diagnostic radiology. | Scattered |
| 3. Correct radiographic film processing techniques lead to a________in the num¬ber of repeat examinations required, with a resultant in exposure to the radiographer. | decrease, reduction |
| 4. After receiving radiation safety counseling, a pregnant tech must read and sign a form acknowledging that she has received counseling and understands the ways to implement appropriate measures to ensure the ________of the embryo¬-fetus. | safety |
| 5. If a declared-pregnant radiographer is reassigned to a lower-radiation exposure risk area, other unknowing potentially pregnant radiographers can be subject to ________risk. | increased |
| 6.________the length of time spent in a room where x-radiation is produced reduces occupational exposure. | Shortening |
| 7. The most effective means of protection from ionizingradiation is________ | distance |
| 8. Structural barriers such as walls and doors in an x-ray room provide radiation________for both imaging department personnel and the general public. | |
| 9. Accessory protective shielding includes-________, ________,and________made of lead-impregnated vinyl. | |
| 10. No one should touch the tube________ or________cables while a radiographic exposure IS In progress. | housing, high-tension |
| 11. When high-speed IR systems are used, smaller radiographic exposure (less milliamperage) is required, which results in fewer x-ray photons being available to produce________. Because of this reduction in _____ ___personnel expo¬sure is decreased. | Compton scatter, Compton scatter |
| 12. It is imperative that the EqD to the embryo-fetus from occupational exposure of the mother not exceed the NCRP-recommended monthly EqD limit of________mSv (________rem) or a limit of ________mSv (________ rem) during the entire pregnancy. | 0.5, 0.05, 5, 0.5 |
| 13. Maternity aprons consist of________lead equivalent over their entire length and width and also have an extra________lead equivalent pJotec¬tive panel that runs transversely across the width of the apron to provide added safety for the embryo-fetus. | 0.5mm, lmm |
| 14. Shortening the length of_____ in a room where x-radiation is, standing at the greatest_____possible from an x-ray beam, and using radiation absorbent____material between the radiation worker and the source of radiation all reduce exposure. | time, distance, shielding |
| 15. When the distance is doubled, the radiation at the new location spans an area________times larger than the original area. However, because the same amount of radiation is covering a larger area, the intensity decreases by a factor of________ | four, four |
| 16. Primary protective barriers are located________to the undeflected line of travel of the x -ray beam. | perpendicular |
| 17. If the peak energy of the x-ray beam is 130kVp, the primary protective barrier in a typical installation consists of________lead and extends_____feet (____ m) upward from the floor of the x-ray room when the x-ray tube is 5 to 7 feet from the wall | 1/16 inch, 7, 2.1 |
| 18. In a typical diagnostic x-ray installation, the second¬ary barrier consists of________lead. | 2inch |
| 19. During fluoroscopy and x-ray special procedures, a neck and thyroid shield can guard the thyroid area of occupationally exposed people. It should be________lead equivalent. | 0.5mm |
| 20. To ensure protection from________radiation emanating from the patient during a fluo¬roscopic examination, the radiographer should stand as far from the________as is practical and should move closer to the patient only when ________is required. | scattered, patient, assistance |
| 21. Protective lead gloves of at least________lead equivalent should be worn whenever the hands must be placed near the fluoroscopic field. | 0.25mm |
| 22. For better visualization of small body parts, C-arm fluoroscopes have the capability to ________the Image. | magnify |
| 23. A________protective apron is recom¬mended to protect personnel who must move around the x-ray room during a fluoroscopic examination. | wraparound |
| 24. The radiographer should attempt to stand at________( ____ degrees) to the x-ray beam-scattering object (the patient) line; this is the place where the _______amount of scattered radiation is received. | right angles, 90, least |
| 25. In________imaging, because the image contrast and overall brightness can be manipulated after image acquisition, the need for almost all retakes resulting from improper technique selection is eliminated. | routine |
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