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Chapter 16
The Gilded Age (1877-1896)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The Gilded Age | A book written by Mark Twain in 1873 that's name fittingly described the postwar era. The rich got richer and even the poor got less poor. |
| Causes of American industrial growth (first 2) | 1.the growth of the nation/baby boom and immigration 2.innovative spirit of the times led to new machines and methods |
| Causes of American industrial growth (2nd 2) | 3. sympathetic government/high tariffs reduced foreign competition and lax immigration laws provided cheap labor.4) New sources of power/oil and electricity; not just water power |
| robber barons | "captains of industry"/the greed for gain and power earned them this less than flattering nickname. |
| Cornelius Vanderbilt | started with a ferry business, gained contres of shipping, and expanded into the railroad. Used stronghold tactics to build an empire. |
| Andrew Carnegie | steele giant; wrote the Gospel of Wealth, was influenced by Darwin. Controlled the steele industry from the gound up, mine to market(vertical integration) |
| John D. Rockefeller | trust maker, first billionaire, founder of Standard Oil Company; monopolized the oil refining business, all of it it (horizontal integration. |
| trust | a legal device by wich a board of trustess makes decisions and control the operations of a group of companies |
| J. P. Morgan | Financier,investment banker, buying and selling stocks on a grand scale in a variety of industries. formed the first billion dollar supercorporation |
| United States Steel Corporation | the first billion dollar supercorporation |
| James Buchanan Duke | New South Leader, created a national and internation market for his tobacco products. |
| New South | the visions that one day the south would match the north's economic and industrial capacity built on tobacco and textiles. |
| how/why did diet change during this time? | refrigerator cars brought beef and pork along with strawberries, tomatoes and oranges to the north where iceboxes awaited them, along with canning food |
| how/why did clothing change during this time? | The sewing machine started a retail market for mass produced clothing. standardized sizes and designs were used, and comformt became important. |
| why did a communications revolution occur during this time? | bigger/more businesses meant more correspondence and record keeping |
| Examples of communication changes | 1. typewriter 2. shorthand 3. cheap paper 4. continous action roller presses 5. telephone( most important) |
| Alexander Graham Bell | Scottish immigrant, deaf speech teacher, he wanted to make iron talk, invented the telephone and formed AT&T. |
| Thomas Alva Edison | established an invention factory for research of new products, his most famous inventions were the light bulb, phonograph and motion-picture projector |
| The "spoiled" system | The spoils system was the tendency of new administrations to replace appointed officeholders with their own supporter. |
| Rutherford Hayes | a reformer, that was working to reform the spois system in governement, hee attacked political "machines" |
| Roscoe Conkling | controlled a political machine that controlled a tariff-collecting agency in NY. They manipulated records and stole money belonging to the federal government. |
| stalwarts vs. Half-breeds | clash brought about because of Hayes attacking Conklings machine and fighting their corrupt practices. a division within the republican party. |
| Stalwarts | favored high tariffs, hard money and the spoils system |
| Half-breeds | moderate Republicans who tended to favor reform |
| The Stalwart/Halfbreed compromise presidential nominees | James Garfield and Chester Arthur |
| James Garfield | Half breed, elected president, was killed just a few months after being inaugurated by a stalwart supportor |
| Chester Arthur | stalwart, elected vice-president, but became president after Garfield's death. He was referred to as "the gentleman president" and supported reform |
| Pendleton Act | a bill that recommended establishing an independent Civil Service Commision and eliminating the spoils system. |
| The Mongrel Tariff | nickname of a tariff that failed in it's efforts to bring about reform. |
| The election of 1884 | republicans didn't renominate Arthur, instead nominating James G. Blaine. the democrats nomintaed Grover Cleveland. lots of high spirited name calling and mud slinging |
| mugwumps | Republican parter deserters that supported the Democratic candidate Grove Cleveland over the tainted Blaine |
| Interstate Commerce Act | Act signed by Cleveland designed to challenge the abuses of the railroad trusts |
| The election of 1888 | Democrats renominated Cleveland and the Republicans nominated Benjamin Harrison, a boring, but capable honest man.Electoral votes determined the elections outcome not popular votes. Cleveland lost to Harrison, barely |
| Benjamin Harrison | honest, but disappointingly weak president. He appointed Blaine as secretary of state and Blaine domincated the administration. |
| The Fifty-first Congress | The first Billion Dollar congress- the first time the annual budget exceeded a billion dollars |
| Sherman Antitrust Act | passed during the Harrison years to regulate big business, monopolies/trusts. It made trusts illega, but that was difficult to enforce and relatively ineffective |
| McKinley Tariff | Tariff passed by the Republican party only after they admitted six new Republican states to the union. It placed higher taxes on manufactured and agricultural imports. |
| Panic of '93 | 4 years of depression; banks and businesses failed and unemployment increased |
| What were three provisions of the Interstate commerce Act? | 1. railroad rates must be reasonable and just 2. railroad companies must publish all rates and make financial reports 3.and it provided for the creation of the Interstate commerce Commision (a regulatory agency) |
| What four issues dominated American polistics at this time? | 1. reform of the spoils system 2. civil service reform 3. tariff reform 3. challenging trusts/controlling monopolies. |
| Knights of Labor | early Labor union, formed as a secret society of skilled and unskilled workers, led by Terrence V. Powerdly |
| American Federation of Labor | more successful labor union for skilled workers, a splinter group form the Knights of Labor. They supported higher wages, shorter hours, safer conditions and no child labor/achieved an 8 hour work day as standard |
| Haymarket Riot | factory workers in Chicago went on strike. Someone threw a bomb into a goup of policemen that started a riot. descredited the Knights of Labor |
| Homestead Strike | threatened strike against Carnegie Steele whenit was proposed to lower the wages of the workers. They closed the plant and caused a lockout. It gained nothing and the workers agreed to the proposal |
| Examples of Labor Unrest | Haymarket Riot and Homestead Strike and the Pullman Strike |
| Pullman Strike | after 5 wage reductions the workers retaliated by striking against the pullman passenger car company. it effected all western railroads |
| injuction | court order |
| socialism | advocates collective or government ownership of businesses or means of production |
| Grange | protesting farmers that confronted railroads. It caused state regulation of railroads |
| populism | populist-3rd party viewed the coinage of silver as an answer to money problems |
| free silver | a simple solution to the down and out in the populist's mind-"it would make it possible for the debtor to pay his debts" |
| William McKinley | Republican candidateon the 1896 ballot, likeable, but somber figure |
| William Jennings Bryan | Democratic candidate for president in 1896-the great commoner, a fervant Christian, believed in silver for economic deliverance |
| The election of 1896 | Mckinley Vs. Bryan/McKinley won, it was a turning point in American political history, a struggle between the past and the future, between famr and factory. Factory won. |
| Urbanization | movement of the population to the cities |
| What was the attraction of the cities? | jobs, the services and attractions of the cities (stores, theaters, streetcars, etc.) |
| What was the ugly side of urbanization? | slums, crime, prostitution, disease |
| New Immigration | the first time immigrants came from Eastern and Southern European countries and outnumbered those from Northern and Western Europe. also, a large number of chinese immigrants: as immigrations increased opposition to immigrants grew |
| Concerns arising from new immigration | fear of immigrant workers taking jobs from other Americans, lower thae nations standard of living, threated the predominantly Protestan population wit other religions, racial prejudice |
| melting pot | description of American society because of it' diverse racial and ethnic cultures blending together. |
| Darwinism | Based on Charles Darwins book,The Origin of Species, belief that the ability to adapt to changes evolving apply to all areas of life. |
| Social Darwinism | The application of evolurtion to social institutions, survival of the fittest |
| Reform Darwinism | believed that human progress was best achieved through cooperation not competition. believed man was not sinful, but inherently good. |
| Trends in Literature | realism-Mark Twain, naturalism-Jack London/Call of the Wild, success literature-Horatio Alger-rags to riches tales |
| materlialism | desire for wordly possessions bring true happiness |
| recreation and amusement | mechanization brought about increased leisure time which brought about baseball, golf croquet, tennis, bicycles |
| Jumbo | elephant bought from England by PT Barnum for $30,000 dollars |
| urban evangelism | large city wide revivals |
| Dwight L. Moody | Leader of urban evangelism, he had a gift of communication, avoided denomination ties, well organized, business like and efficient, used music in his compaigns |
| Ira Sankey | Moody's song leader, helped popularize the gospel song, less formal than a hymn, easily sun meloldy |
| Sam Jones | the Moody of the south |
| Fanny Crosby | Blind gospel song writer, wrote hundres of songs. |
Created by:
melpinkston