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HIST 102 Midterm
World History Since 1500
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Bering Land Bridge | Asia – Alaska – N America |
| Canton System | a Qing Dynasty trade policy that restricted all Western maritime commerce in China to the southern port of Guangzhou (Canton) |
| Paternalism | Restricting a groups autonomy over their free will |
| Domesticated Animals | marking the transition of human societies from nomadic hunter-gatherers to settled, agricultural civilizations |
| maize | European contact with the Americas in 1492, maize was one of the most critical New World crops introduced to Europe, Asia, and Africa had a higher calorie count |
| montezuma | ninth and last independent Aztec empero |
| americas as "wilderness" | Untouched landscape, Europeans thought it was a wilderness, but it was densely used by indigenous people |
| fall of Constantinople | the Ottoman Empire conquered the capital of the Byzantine Empire (may 19, 1453) |
| Zeng He | Chinese Muslim admiral, diplomat, and eunuch who led seven massive maritime expeditions for the Ming dynasty |
| caravel | Small ships, carry lots of weight |
| Marco Polo | Merchant in Italian peninsula (1254-1324) |
| Shogunate | a hereditary military dictator who held actual political and military power |
| Suleyman the Magnificent | extended Ottoman control across parts of Hungary, the Middle East, North Africa, and deep into Eastern Europe |
| Reconquista | Spanish and Portuguese attempt to reconquer against Islam for Christians |
| Newtonian natural law | revolutionary concept that the physical universe operates like a predictable, orderly machine governed by universal, mathematical laws |
| Christopher columbus | 1492- gets the money to go travel after Reconquista Meets the Tiano people of Puerto Rico, wants to convert them to Christianity, use them as servants, uses the land for the resources |
| historical agency | the capacity of individuals or groups to act independently, make their own free choices, and shape their own lives, histories, and societies |
| hernan cortes (cortez) | Came to power through the Reconquista, works for royal gov. (reconquistador) |
| pear shaped earth | Believed by Christopher Columbus |
| sugar plantation | the birth of the global economy, the transoceanic slave trade, and European imperialism |
| mongol empire | Genghis Khan united scattered nomadic tribes of the Central Asian steppes created a period of regional stability, safe communication, and revitalized trade across the Silk Road connecting Asia and Europe |
| creole | the social class of people born in the Americas of European (mostly Spanish or French) descent during the colonial era |
| scientific revolution | replaced ancient and medieval views of nature with systematic experimentation, empiricism, and mathematical analysis |
| vasco de gama | Portuguese explorer who led the first direct maritime expedition from Europe to India, fundamentally changing global trade and launching European imperialism in Asia |
| black death | Sickness caused by flea bites Peasants still have to work instead of nobles, giving the opportunity to get ill. Peasants resented the nobility for their effort to halt that process |
| grand canal | widened under the Ming dynasty primarily to transport grain (and other staple goods) from the fertile Yangzi River valley to supply the capital city of Beijing |
| chinese bureaucracy | a centralized system of government run by non-elected scholar-officials |
| athalupa | last ruling Sapa Inca (emperor) of the Inca Empire who was captured and executed by the Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro |
| middle passage devshirme | distinct historical systems of forced labor and servitude used by early modern global empires |
| composite monarchy | where a single king or queen rules over two or more distinct territories |
| atlantic world | the interconnected historical framework linking Africa, Europe, North America, South America, and the Caribbean from roughly the 15th through the 19th centuries |
| memba "letter" | |
| ecological imperialism | European powers succeeded in colonizing temperate regions like North America, Australia, and New Zealand primarily through the accidental and intentional transfer of biology, disease, flora, and fauna rather than military might alone |
| tabula rasa | the Enlightenment-era concept of the human mind as a "blank slate" at birth |
| caliphate | Sucessor of both religion and government |
| "declaration of the right of man" (woman) | "Men are born and remain free and equal in rights." It excluded women. Demanding equal civil and political rights, including the right to vote, own property, and hold public office. |
| napoleonic code | Granted equal legal rights to all male citizens and ended feudal privileges. Separated church and state by establishing civil marriage and religious freedom. |
| rationality or reason | human thought moved away from religious dogma and superstition toward logical inquiry and empirical observation |
| chinese currency | Real cowry shells and bone, stone, or bronze replicas served as early mediums of exchange |
| brazillian independence | established a monarchy instead of a republic, and preserved the existing social structure—including slavery |
| proclamation of 1763 american colonial protests | banned American colonists from settling or buying land west of the Appalachian Mountains to prevent costly frontier wars with Native American tribes after Pontiac’s Rebellion |
| nationalism | a nation is formed by a group of people with a shared identity, language, history, and customs, and that loyalty to this nation overrides other allegiances |
| mita system | pre-existing Indigenous systems were co-opted and radically transformed by European colonial powers |
| "plague in central america' | demographic collapse of indigenous populations following European contact |
| factory style production | shift from manual, home-based production to centralized, mechanized manufacturing during the Industrial Revolution |
| Jahangir "Policy" | kept the religious tolerance going, made a massive show of being fair to regular people with his famous "Chain of Justice," and focused on keeping the peace with local rivals while opening up trade to Europeans. |
| Simon bolivar | El Libertador (The Liberator), demonstrating how European Enlightenment ideals, combined with colonial class frictions, triggered global independence movements |
| heterogeneity | a state or society composed of diverse, dissimilar, or distinct elements |
| seven years war | a global conflict—often called the first true world war—that reshaped colonial territories and set the stage for major revolutions |
| potosi | (location) a catalyst for early globalization, international trade, and modern capitalism |
| encomienda system | a Spanish colonial labor and legal system used in the Americas and the Philippines to control Indigenous populations |
| francisco pizarro | a Spanish conquistador who led the conquest of the Inca Empire in Peru |
| silver | gave rise to early modern global trade, the Atlantic/Pacific economy, and the rise of global commerce |
| ottoman empire | Turkish, want to control the great holy lands 1)Mecadena 2)Jerusalem and Baghdad 3) Bizitine empire Control the Mediterranean world from Jerusalem, north Africa, Greece, west border of Arabia |
| ibn battuta | (1304-1369), in Egypt/Islamic world, knows its wealthy but won't let himself be impressed |
| columbian exchange | transatlantic transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, and pathogens between the New World (the Americas) and the Old World (Afro-Eurasia), initiated by Christopher Columbus’s voyages and European colonization |
| agricultural productivity | central theme used to explain major societal shifts, urbanization, and economic development |
| chinggis kahn (genghis) | Created largest, most expansive empire, united organized tribes |
| the "great dying" | the catastrophic demographic collapse of Native American populations following the arrival of European explorers and colonists |
| feudalism | the decentralized political, social, and economic system of medieval Europe |
| gutenberg press | movable-type printing system developed by German goldsmith Johannes Gutenberg that combined metal alloy type, oil-based ink, and a modified agricultural screw press to allow for the rapid, standardized mass production of texts |
| shuni/shia split | When Muhammad died without a clear surviving male heir, the community split over who should lead |
| black death | Sickness caused by flea bites |
| dar al-islam | Meaning: it still endures |
| balance of payments issue | massive reversal of the silver flow caused by the British-led opium trade. |
| deism | a major shift from traditional Christian orthodoxy toward an worldview shaped by the Scientific Revolution |
| safavid empire | a major gunpowder and land-based empire centered in modern-day Iran |
| adam smith "baubles" | Instead of treating consumer vanity as a simple moral failing, Smith used the human obsession with luxury items to explain how the entire European socio-political structure shifted away from feudalism |
| incan terraces | Terraced farming, way of growing food in the mountains |
| charles V | inherited vast territories spanning Spain, the Netherlands, Austria, Italy, the Americas, and the German lands of the Holy Roman Empire He fought continuous, expensive wars against King Francis I of France over territorial dominance in Italy and Europe |
| nation state | a political unit where a sovereign government (the state) rules over a population that shares a common cultural, ethnic, or national identity (the nation) |
| tokugawa gun control and religious persecution | transformed Japan's strict class system, and instituted over two centuries of isolation and internal stability known as the Pax Tokugawa 250-year period of relative peace, stability, and isolation in Japan under the Tokugawa Shogunate |
| the enlightenment | prioritized reason, empiricism, and scientific inquiry over traditional religious and political authority |
| qianlong "letter" | To reject all British demands and warn them to obey existing imperial trading laws. |
| estates general | general assembly representing the three social classes of pre-revolutionary France 1)church 2)nobility 3)everyone else |
| "las castas" | complex racial hierarchy established by the Spanish Empire in its American colonies -Peninsulares: Spaniards born in Spain -Creoles: Spaniards born in the Americas -Indios: Indigenous populations -Negros (Africans): Enslaved individuals |
| sufism | branch of Islam that emphasizes a direct, personal, and emotional connection with God |
| babur | founder of the Mughal Empire |
| homogeneity | One specific group, split in Islam from the beginning all different but something binds them together |
| queue | specific hairstyle featuring a shaved front and sides of the head with the remaining hair grown long and braided into a single ponytail hanging down the back Quing dynasty of China |
| the jacquerie | Jacquerie was a massive, bloody peasant uprising that erupted in northern France a direct reaction to the collapse of the feudal social contract during a peak crisis of the Hundred Years' War |
| calicoe | a type of inexpensive, block-printed cotton cloth originating from Calicut, India |
| martin luther | German monk, professor, and theologian whose challenges to the Catholic Church sparked the Protestant Reformation |
| communist manifesto | calls for the overthrow of bourgeois dominance, the abolition of private property in the means of production, and the transition to a classless society in London |
| Lin Zaxu letter | Lin pointed out that Britain prohibited the consumption of opium within its own domestic territory while actively permitting and profiting from its sale abroad to Chinese subjects, |
| mexican independence | 11-year conflict (1810–1821) that ended more than 300 years of Spanish colonial rule in Mexico |
| slavery | legal and economic system where human beings are treated as personal property, forced to work without pay, and denied basic personal freedom |
Created by:
paigebaumann25