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Syntax
SLP 102
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| syntax | rules that govern the way words combine to form phrases, clauses, and sentences; order/arrangement of words in a sentence, grammar |
| phrase | group of words which act together as a grammatical unit, if group of words can be used to answer a question its a phrase |
| clause | syntactic structure that contains a subject and predicate |
| generativity | we can create an infinite amount of sentences once these rules have been mastered |
| semantic relations | what words mean in a sentence and how they relate to each other, describes 2 word utterances (ex. agent + action "mommy run"...etc.) |
| prescriptive grammaticality | sentences are formed correctly according to what language "should be", English class, not used in linguistics (ex. "my mom and I went to the store") |
| descriptive grammaticality | sentences are formed correctly according to rules inside a speaker's head, how a person speaks naturally, may not be fully grammatically correct/follow objective rules (ex. "me and my mom went to the store") |
| grammaticality has nothing to do with whether or not something is... | prescriptively grammatical, beautiful, eloquent, true, or meaningful --- just determines if a sentence follows rules of a language |
| nouns | person, place, or thing (ex. mom, cow, desk, TCNJ) |
| verbs | action words (ex. run, swim, play) |
| adjectives | describing words (ex. pretty, smooth, colorful) |
| adverbs | words that modify or describe verbs (ex. quickly, slowly) |
| determiners | comes before a noun to tell us which one, how many, of whose it is (ex. the, a, my, this) |
| grammatical categories | parts of speech, words/morphemes are placed in these based on their function & how they behave |
| prepositions | show relationship between nouns and another word, often showing location/time/direction (ex. in, on, under, after, before) |
| conjunctions | words that connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences (ex. and, but, or, so) |
| simple sentences | only have 1 main clause (ex. "I kicked the ball") |
| complex sentences | have more than one clause, both clauses can either be independent or one independent, the other dependent |
| coordinating clauses | connecting two clauses/words/phrases of equal importance using a conjunction (ex. "I walked and Jim ran") |
| subordinating clauses | when one clause depends/is embedded on the main clause to complete an idea (ex. "I saw Jim running on the side of the road") |
| syntax trees | visual hierarchal organized relationship between words in sentences (words --> phrases --> clauses --> sentences) |
| phrase structure rules | the way words can be combined into phrases, way that phrases are combined into sentences |
| sentence = | noun phrase + verb phrase |
| noun phrase = | determiner + adjective +...+ noun |
| verb phrase = | verb + noun phrase + prepositional phrase + adverb +... |
| every sentence has a | main clause |
| most sentences have | more than one clause (complex syntax) |
| when does syntax begin to develop? | when children form 2 word combinations, about 18 months & have 50 expressive words in their vocab |
| 30 months | early syntactic connections are mastered (SVO, ex. "the boy ate the cake") |
| 3 years | questions and statements with quantities/adjectives/adverbs (ex. "what are you eating", "I have 2 trucks"); indirect and embedded wh- questions (ex. "Danny asked me if I can come play") |
| 4 years | adult-like syntax, embedded phrases, subordinate clauses, coordination, use of conjunctions |
Created by:
tcs2819