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Stack #4739019

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Natural Rights: All people are born with the right to life, liberty, and property. Social Contract: Government power comes from the consent of the governed; citizens have the right to overthrow a government that violates their rights. (John Locke)
Strong advocate for freedom of speech, freedom of the press, and religious tolerance; strongly criticized the religious fanaticism and absolutism of the Catholic Church. Voltaire
Developed the concept of the General Will: government must act according to the collective will of society; advocated for popular sovereignty and direct democracy. Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Proposed the Separation of Powers: dividing government authority into legislative, executive, and judicial branches with Checks and Balances to prevent tyranny. Montesquieu
Believed human nature in a state of nature is selfish, evil, and chaotic ("war of all against all"); therefore, an Absolute Monarch (the Leviathan) is necessary to maintain order. Thomas Hobbes
Key figure of the Enlightenment who defined Enlightenment as "Dare to know" (using your own reason); developed moral concepts like the Categorical Imperative. Immanuel Kant
Pioneer of early feminism (wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Woman); argued that women are not naturally inferior to men, but only appear so due to a lack of education. Mary Wollstonecraft
Father of modern economics (wrote The Wealth of Nations); introduced the "Invisible Hand" and advocated for Laissez-Faire policies (free market without government intervention). Adam Smith
Founded Utilitarianism: laws and actions should be judged by whether they produce "the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people." Jeremy Bentham
Pioneer of political realism (wrote The Prince); argued politics should be separated from morality and that "the ends justify the means." Niccolò Machiavelli
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