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Lessons 7 and 8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Q: What four parts make a flower "complete"? | A: Petals, sepals, stamens, and pistils. |
| Q: What is the function of petals? | A: To attract pollinators. |
| Q: What is the corolla? | A: All of the petals of a flower. |
| Q: What is the calyx? | A: All of the sepals of a flower. |
| Q: What are the two parts of a stamen? | A: Anther and filament. |
| Q: What are the three parts of a pistil? | A: Stigma, style, and ovary. |
| Q: What is a staminate flower? | A: A flower with only male reproductive structures (stamens). |
| Q: What is a pistillate flower? | A: A flower with only female reproductive structures (pistils). |
| Q: Why are animal pollinators important? | A: They make pollination more efficient and have helped drive flower evolution and diversity. |
| Q: What color are bee-pollinated flowers usually? | A: Blue or yellow. |
| Q: What characteristics do bee-pollinated flowers have? | A: Showy petals, nectar guides visible in UV light, nectar, and a sweet odor. |
| Q: What characteristics do wind-pollinated flowers have? | A: Dull color, exposed anthers and stigmas, little or no nectar, and no odor. |
| Q: What characteristics do moth-pollinated flowers have? | A: White flowers, open at night, long floral tubes, nectar, and a heavy musky odor. |
| Q: What is germination? | A: The series of processes that initiates seed growth. |
| Q: What are the three major steps of germination? | A: Imbibition, increased respiration, and emergence of the radicle. |
| Q: What is imbibition? | A: The absorption of water by a seed. |
| Q: What is a cotyledon? | A: A seed leaf that stores food for the embryo. |
| Q: How many cotyledons do eudicots have? | A: Two. |
| Q: How many cotyledons do monocots have? | A: One. |
| Q: What is dormancy? | A: A delay in germination even when environmental conditions are favorable. |
| Q: What are the six common seed dormancies? | A: Quiescence, primary (innate) dormancy, secondary dormancy, physiological dormancy, physical dormancy, and double dormancy. |
| Q: What is quiescence? | A: Failure to germinate because environmental conditions, usually water, are lacking. |
| Q: What is primary (innate) dormancy? | A: When a seed cannot immediately germinate after ripening or harvest. |
| Q: What is secondary dormancy? | A: Dormancy induced by extreme stress. |
| Q: What is physiological dormancy? | A: Dormancy requiring treatment of the embryo before growth can begin. |
| Q: What treatments break physiological dormancy? | A: Stratification, after-ripening, and soaking. |
| Q: What is stratification? | A: Chilling seeds in a moist medium. |
| Q: What is physical dormancy? | A: Dormancy caused by a hard seed coat preventing water uptake. |
| Q: What is scarification? | A: Damaging the seed coat to allow water penetration. |
| Q: What is double dormancy? | A: A combination of physiological and physical dormancy. |
| Q: What is a fruit? | A: A mature enlarged ovary that protects developing seeds and aids seed dispersal. |
| Q: What does parthenocarpic mean? | A: Fruit development without seeds. |
| Q: What are the three layers of the pericarp? | A: Exocarp, mesocarp, and endocarp. |
| Q: What is a drupe? | A: A fleshy fruit with a stony pit (endocarp) containing one seed. Example: plum. |
| Q: What is a pepo? | A: A fruit with a rind-like exocarp and fleshy mesocarp. Example: squash. |
| Q: What is a hesperidium? | A: A fruit with a leathery rind and seeds in the endocarp. Example: orange. |
| Q: What is a berry? | A: A fleshy fruit with the entire pericarp fleshy. Example: tomato. |
| Q: What is a pome? | A: A fruit whose pericarp is enclosed by a floral tube. Example: apple. |
| Q: What is a gene? | A: A DNA segment that produces a functional product such as a protein or enzyme. |
| Q: What is an allele? | A: Different forms of the same gene. |
| Q: What is a character? | A: A general property of an organism, such as flower color. |
| Q: What is a trait? | A: A specific form of a character, such as red flowers. |
| Q: What is genotype? | A: The genetic makeup of an organism. |
| Q: What is phenotype? | A: The observable expression of a genotype influenced by the environment. |
| Q: What is a haploid cell? | A: A cell containing one set of chromosomes (1N). |
| Q: What is a diploid cell? | A: A cell containing two sets of chromosomes (2N). |
| Q: What are the P, F1, and F2 generations? | A: Parent generation, first filial generation, and second filial generation. |
| Q: What is Mendel's Principle of Dominance? | A: A dominant allele masks the expression of a recessive allele. |
| Q: What is Mendel's Law of Segregation? | A: Each gamete receives only one allele for each gene. |
| Q: What is Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment? | A: Genes are inherited independently of one another. |
| Q: What is the phenotypic ratio in a monohybrid cross? | A: 3:1. |
| Q: What is the genotypic ratio in a monohybrid cross? | A: 1:2:1. |
| Q: What is meiosis? | A: Cell division that produces gametes and reduces chromosome number by half. |
| Q: What occurs during Meiosis I? | A: Reduction division. |
| Q: What occurs during Meiosis II? | A: Equational division. |
| Q: What is transcription? | A: Synthesis of mRNA from DNA. |
| Q: What is translation? | A: Synthesis of proteins using mRNA instructions. |
| Q: What nitrogen base is unique to DNA? | A: Thymine (T). |
| Q: What nitrogen base is unique to RNA? | A: Uracil (U). |
| Q: What is the shape of DNA? | A: Double helix. |
| Q: What is the shape of RNA? | A: Single strand. |
| Q: What is evolution? | A: Change in allele frequencies and inherited traits in a population over time. |
| Q: Who proposed evolution by natural selection? | A: Charles Darwin. |
| Q: What four principles explain natural selection? | A: Variation exists, more offspring are produced than survive, competition occurs, and better-adapted individuals reproduce more successfully. |
| Q: What is fitness? | A: An individual's ability to reproduce and pass alleles to the next generation. |
| Q: What is adaptation? | A: An inherited trait that improves survival and reproduction. |
| Q: What is acclimation? | A: A non-inherited response to environmental change. |
| Q: What factors can change allele frequencies in populations? | A: Mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, nonrandom mating, and natural selection. |
| Q: What is gene flow? | A: Movement of individuals into or out of a population. |
| Q: What is genetic drift? | A: Random changes in allele frequencies due to chance events. |
| Q: What is microevolution? | A: Small-scale changes in a population's gene pool. |
| Q: What is macroevolution? | A: Large-scale evolutionary change resulting in new species over long periods. |
| Q: What is convergent evolution? | A: Independent evolution of similar traits in unrelated organisms. |
| Q: What is adaptive radiation? | A: Rapid formation of many species from a common ancestor. |
| Q: What is co-evolution? | A: Two species influencing each other's evolution and adaptations. |
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