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Lessons 5 and 6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the major difference between sexual and asexual reproduction? | Sexual reproduction uses two parents and gametes and produces genetically different offspring (hybrids). Asexual reproduction uses one parent, no gametes, and produces genetically identical offspring (clones). |
| What is a clone? | A genetically identical offspring produced through asexual reproduction. |
| What is a hybrid? | A genetically different offspring produced through sexual reproduction. |
| What is totipotency? | The ability of a single cell to develop into a complete organism or any of its tissues. |
| What is a propagule? | A plant portion capable of developing into a new plant. |
| What are four advantages of asexual propagation? | Reaches maturity quickly, allows propagation of difficult plants, produces uniform growth, and maintains unique characteristics. |
| What are four disadvantages of asexual propagation? | Propagules lose viability quickly, few propagules are produced, diseases spread easily, and it is more expensive than seed propagation. |
| What is the most common type of asexual propagation? | Vegetative cuttings. |
| Name the major types of asexual propagation. | Vegetative cuttings, grafting, budding, layering, underground plant parts, micropropagation, and apomixis. |
| What is grafting? | Joining two different plants to create a more desirable new plant. |
| What is a scion? | The upper portion of a graft that is attached to the stock plant. |
| What is the stock (rootstock)? | The lower plant that provides the root system in a graft. |
| What is the graft union (graft junction)? | The area where the stock and scion join together. |
| What must line up for a successful graft? | The cambium layers of the stock and scion. |
| What four plant species are most commonly grafted? | Roses, citrus, apples, and grapes. |
| Why is grafting used? | Quick maturation, disease resistance, and cold resistance. |
| What is budding? | Using a bud and a small piece of stem as the scion material. |
| What is layering? | A propagation method where a stem develops roots while still attached to the parent plant. |
| Q: What is pruning? | A: Removal of plant parts to correct or maintain structure. |
| Q: What is training? | A: Directing plant growth into a desired shape or form. |
| Q: What are the 7 objectives of pruning? | A: Health and safety, maintain desired form, dwarfing, invigoration, increase productivity, equalize root/shoot ratio, and develop a strong branch framework. |
| Q: What is an anabolic process? | A: A process that builds complex molecules from simpler molecules. |
| Q: What is a catabolic process? | A: A process that breaks down complex molecules. |
| Q: What is an endergonic process? | A: A process that requires energy input. |
| Q: What is an exergonic process? | A: A process that releases energy. |
| Q: Is photosynthesis anabolic or catabolic? | A: Anabolic. |
| Q: Is photosynthesis endergonic or exergonic? | A: Endergonic. |
| Q: Is respiration anabolic or catabolic? | A: Catabolic. |
| Q: Is respiration endergonic or exergonic? | A: Exergonic. |
| Q: Where does photosynthesis occur? | A: In chloroplasts. |
| Q: Where does cellular respiration occur? | A: Primarily in mitochondria. |
| Q: What are the two major energy-carrying molecules? | A: ATP and NADH. |
| Q: What does oxidation mean? | A: Loss of electrons. |
| Q: What does reduction mean? | A: Gain of electrons. |
| Q: What is the equation for photosynthesis? | A: 6CO₂ + 12H₂O + light → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6H₂O + 6O₂. |
| Q: What is the equation for cellular respiration? | A: C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + energy. |
| Q: What are the essential components of photosynthesis? | A: Light, pigments, and photosystems. |
| Q: What are the two stages of photosynthesis? | A: Light reactions and the Calvin cycle (dark reactions). |
| Q: Where do the light reactions occur? | A: In the thylakoids. |
| Q: Where does the Calvin cycle occur? | A: In the stroma of the chloroplast. |
| Q: What is the essential photosynthetic pigment? | A: Chlorophyll a. |
| Q: Which wavelengths/colors does chlorophyll a absorb? | A: Blue and red wavelengths. |
| Q: What are the accessory pigments? | A: Chlorophyll b and carotenoids. |
| Q: What do Photosystem II and Photosystem I do? | A: They work together to convert light energy into chemical energy. |
| Q: What is photorespiration? | A: A wasteful process in hot, dry conditions when Rubisco fixes oxygen instead of carbon dioxide. |
| Q: Why does photorespiration occur? | A: Stomata close, CO₂ levels decrease, and O₂ levels increase. |
| Q: What happens during photorespiration? | A: ATP is used, CO₂ is released, and no G3P is produced. |
| Q: Which plants are most susceptible to photorespiration? | A: C3 plants. |
| Q: What are the four stages of aerobic respiration? | A: Glycolysis, pyruvate conversion, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain. |
| Q: What is glycolysis? | A: Breakdown of glucose into two pyruvate molecules. |
| Q: How much ATP does glycolysis produce? | A: 2 ATP. |
| Q: Which stage produces the most ATP? | A: Electron transport chain. |
| Q: How much ATP does the electron transport chain produce? | A: About 30-32 ATP. |
| Q: What is required for the electron transport chain? | Oxygen |
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