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exam 2 psych
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Mens rea, translated from *Actus non facit reum, nisi mens sit rea* | "Intentional culpability." An act is not legally punishable unless committed by a person who has the capacity to cognize the act as evil and then freely chooses to do it. |
| Legal standard for NGRI (part 1) | Did the defendant suffer from a mental disease or defect at the time of the commission of the alleged act? |
| Legal standard for NGRI (part 2) | Did the mental disease or defect cause them to lack the substantial capacity to 1) appreciate the wrongfulness of their conduct and/or 2) conform their conduct to the requirements of the law? |
| Assessing NGRI: Did they plan the offense? | Planning demonstrates capacity to control, but you must ask if the reason for planning was psychotic. |
| Assessing NGRI: Did they attempt to avoid detection? | Indicates they appreciated wrongfulness, OR it may be evidence of delusional beliefs motivating the need to avoid detection. |
| Assessing NGRI: Did they display signs of mental illness prior, during, and after? | Yes, and collateral information is important, but displaying signs is not sufficient to be mentally ill; the key is whether the mental illness is directly linked to the offense. |
| Myth about NGRI frequency | The myth is that NGRI is a high-frequency event; in reality, it is rarely raised (only 1% of felony indictments) and generally tends to have high expert agreement. |
| Data on individuals found NGRI | They are likely to have psychotic disorders and a mental health history (70% had psychotic disorders), with other issues possibly including neurological, intelligence, or bipolar issues. |
| Main criterion for psychotic disorders | Loss of contact with reality (key indicators include delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized behavior/thoughts). |
| Command hallucination | A hallucination that directs the patient to perform an action; related to more severe mental disorder, with 25% reporting feeling unable to resist, creating a risk of harm to self or others. |
| Competency to proceed (Dusky standard) | The person lacks substantial mental capacity to understand the proceedings and/or assist in their own defense (sufficient present ability to consult with a lawyer with a reasonable degree of rational understanding). |
| Malingering | The intentional faking of symptoms for secondary gain (to avoid legal consequences); it does not mean the person is not mentally ill, but they may exaggerate symptoms. |
| Assessing malingering | Ask: Are symptoms consistent with the psychotic process? Suggestibility to symptoms (inside/outside head, right/left ear)? Inconsistencies with presentation? Unlikely symptoms? Check collateral information. |
| Control Question Test (CQT) | A polygraph measuring heart rate and skin conductance, asking control questions (e.g., true name), neutral questions, and relevant questions (e.g., did you take the $20?). |
| Psychopathy and polygraph accuracy (Patrick & Iacono) | High PCL-R individuals were no more likely to "beat" a polygraph than low PCL-R individuals, and it correctly classified 87% of all subjects. |
| How guilty subjects beat a polygraph | 47% taught to beat it can do so by biting their tongue or pressing their toes on the floor during control questions; fMRI data shows focusing on control items makes it 20% less reliable. |
| Previous research on lie detection accuracy | 57% accuracy; police officers were not better than college students (N |
| Key takeaway on lie detection | People are not good lie detectors, but believing they can detect lies contributes to issues like false confessions; polygraphs can be a tool but are not fully accurate. |
| What is the link between mental illness and violent crime? | The vast majority of violent acts are not due to mental illness and most people with mental illness are not violent; when violence does occur, it is often due to contextual or background factors (childhood abuse, poverty, substance use). |
| Base rate bias | Remembering low-frequency but sensational events, leading laws to develop due to this bias; tendency to view outgroups by label and link one's behavior to the entire group, failing to consider the base rate. |
| When is mental illness related to increased risk of violence? | "Threat Control Override Symptoms" (mind dominated by outside forces, thoughts put in head, people wishing harm); if you control for these, the relationship between violence and mental illness disappears. |
| Command hallucinations and violence (McNiel et al.) | 30% of psychiatric inpatients reported command hallucinations to harm others; if present, they are more than 2x as likely to be violent (result held even controlling for substance abuse). |
| Youth in the legal system: Steinberg & Scott (2003) | Emerging knowledge about cognitive, psychosocial, and neurobiological development supports that juveniles should not be held to the same standards of criminal responsibility as adults; developmental immaturity mitigates culpability. |
| Frontal lobe deficits in adolescence | Deficits in interpreting social cues, negative emotions dominating, focus on immediate reward, less focus on consequences, and the frontal lobes not being fully developed (plasticity changes with experience). |
| Psychosocial immaturity factors affecting decision-making | 1) Susceptibility to peer influence, 2) Attitudes toward/perceptions of risk, 3) Future orientation, 4) Capacity for self-management (mitigating factor even when cognitive maturity approaches adult levels). |
| Distinction between "excuse" and "mitigation" | Legally, excuse means no responsibility, while mitigation reduces responsibility but doesn't eliminate it (NGRI vs. mental illness as a mitigating factor). |
| Slender Man Case (Morgan Geyser & Anissa Weier) | Two 12-year-old girls stabbed friend to gain favor with Slender-Man. Geyser diagnosed with childhood-onset schizophrenia Weier diagnosed with schizophrenia spectrum/shared delusional disorder, tried as adults, found NGI, released under supervision |
| Kip Kinkel case | 15-year-old killed parents and shot students at High School in 1998 after experiencing untreated paranoid schizophrenia and command hallucinations; initially pled NGRI (dropped because considered volitional) and pled guilty to 111 years without parole. |
| Gottfredson & Hirschi's "A General Theory of Crime" | All crime is a product of low self-control plus criminal opportunity. Low self-control means being impulsive, self-centered, risk-seeking, preferring simple/physical tasks, and having poor anger control. |
| Gottfredson & Hirschi: Origins of low self-control | Due to socialization (not biological), specifically key parental socialization factors: supervision, recognition of the child's deviant acts, and consistent punishment of negative behavior. |
| Moffitt's Developmental Taxonomy | Divides offenders into "Early Starters" (15 and younger) who are Life Course Persistent (most serious, pathway to persistent offending) and "Late Starters" (15+) who are Adolescent Limited (less serious, more likely to desist). |
| Life-course persistent offender deficits (Moffitt) | Executive functioning deficits (verbal skill deficits, poor inhibitory control) found in 2/3 of juvenile delinquents in one study, exacerbated by the environment. |
| Adolescent-limited delinquency (Moffitt) | Normative to engage in some delinquency (80% of teens report some), with little biological or environmental risk for this group; they stop when costs are higher than benefits. |
| Moffitt's theory for girls | Life course persistence is rare in females (sex ratio of 10 males to 1 female); most girl delinquents are Adolescent Limited (subculture of more violent girls is gang-related). |
| Caspi's Gene x Environment (MAOA) study | Childhood maltreatment interacts with the MAOA genotype. The low-activity version of MAOA increased the risk of antisocial behavior, BUT only if the person was abused as a child. |
| Beaver et al. (2010) intersection of genes and neuropsychological deficits | Found that neuropsychological deficits interact with the MAOA genotype to predict adolescent delinquency and levels of self-control for White males (low self-control partially mediates this link). |
| Hyde et al. (2016) Heritable and Nonheritable Pathways to Callous-Unemotional Behaviors | In an adoption study, biological mother antisocial behavior predicted early callous-unemotional behaviors (heritable), but positive reinforcement from adoptive mothers protected against and buffered this heritable risk ("heritability is not destiny"). |
| Merton's Strain Theory | Adopts the idea of anomie; the discrepancy between common social goals and the legitimate means to attain those goals, leading individuals to engage in deviant behavior to meet these needs due to structural limits. |
| Differential Association Theory (Sutherland) | Criminal behavior is learned in association with others; SES is important because individuals are more likely to live in high-crime areas, be exposed to learning, and have family stress making it harder to socialize. |
| Subculture of Violence (Wolfgang) | A subculture value system that supports crime; violence is not considered antisocial, and the South has the highest rate of violence in the country (exaggerated sense of honor, history of mob violence, availability of guns, racial inequality). |
| Control Theory | Assumes persons will engage in delinquent behavior when their "social bond" to society is weakened; people don't commit crime if they have strong bonds and social control. |
| Cognitive distortions of people who commit sexual offenses | Lying to self/others, "I am not hurting them," pro-sex offending attitudes/rape myths, "Children love sex," "Women deserve to be raped based on their behavior." |
| Jerry Sandusky case | Penn State assistant coach who founded "The Second Mile" charity; charged with 52 counts of sexual abuse of young boys, found guilty on 45 charges, and sentenced to 60 years in prison (claimed he was not sexually attracted to young boys). |
| Brock Turner case | Stanford student who sexually assaulted an unconscious woman in 2015; sentencing statement highlighted cognitive distortions ("I made a mistake, I drank too much") and a focus on campus drinking culture rather than sexual assault. |
| Types of sexual offenses against children typical distortions | "I think child molesters are scumbags, but..." "I love them," "I did not hurt them," "We have a special relationship," "They were asleep," or "As soon as they said 'No', I stopped." |
| Sexual deviance and pedophilia statistics | Research shows that ~40% of a sample of 5,000+ adults with sex offenses against children can be diagnosed with pedophilia based on history. |
| What is a PPG and what it tells us about type | Penile Plethysmograph; only 50-60% of admitted pedophiles are identified by PPG, and 60% of people who commit rape demonstrate deviant arousal to rape scenarios (vs. 10% of non-rapists). |
| Non-rapists vs. rapists on PPG | Non-rapists will not be aroused to victim reports of suffering (they prefer consenting stories), while rapists prefer non-consenting stories and are more likely to show arousal to a woman being beaten. |
| Child Sex Offense Typology (Groth, Prentky, Knight) | Often uses "grooming" and the offender thinks they are not hurting the child; two types are Fixated (Pedophiliac) and Regressed (Situational). |
| Rape Typology | Three types: 1) Anger rape (25-40%), 2) Power rape (60-70%), 3) Sadistic rape (2-5%). |
| "Hands-off" offenses | Voyeurism, exhibitionism, and child pornography viewing; exhibitionists have high rates of reoffending (compulsive cycle). |
| Sexual Compulsivity Cycle | Negative emotion -> Sexual activity/masturbation -> Relief from negative emotion -> (repeats). |
| Child pornography offenses (Seto, Hanson, Babchishin 2010 meta-analysis) | 12% had a known contact offense at arrest, 55% self-reported an undetected contact offense, and after legal intervention, 4.6% committed a new sex offense of some kind, 2.0% a contact offense, and 3.4% a new child pornography offense. |
| Females who commit sexual offenses typology (Mathews et al. 1991) | 3 types: 1) Teacher-lover (views it as a love affair), 2) Intergenerationally predisposed (history of abuse who then abuses), 3) Male-coerced type (dependent, forced/coerced but initiated by male partner). |
| Female sex offense recidivism (Sandler & Freeman 2009) | N |
| Narcissistic Reactance Theory | Narcissism involves being self-centered, low empathy, entitled, and reacting to rejection with anger; if refused sex, aggression is directed against the person blocking the desire. |
| College student perpetration of sexual assault (Swartout et al. 2015) | 10.8% reported perpetrating at least one rape; 72.9% committed rape after starting college, 8% were serial rapists, and most males who committed college rape did so during one academic year. |
| College sex assault risk factors | High rates of drinking (males who drink more are more likely to commit assaults), continuing despite refusal, arousal entitlement, and the "No means yes" concept. |
| Domestic Violence prevalence | Approximately 1.5 million women are physically assaulted by an intimate partner annually in the US; 90-95% of victims are women, and 3 million children are exposed annually. |
| Cycle of domestic violence and incest | 73% of victims of incest have mothers who are victims of domestic violence; offenders believe children and female partners "belong" to them. |
| Power and Control Wheel | Center is power and control; outer ring is physical/sexual violence; inner segments include using coercion/threats, intimidation, emotional abuse, isolation, minimizing/denying/blaming, using children, male privilege, and economic abuse. |
| Holtzworth-Munroe & Stuart Typology of batterers | 1) Relationship/Family-only (50%, low marital violence, free of personality disorder), 2) Borderline/Dysphoric (25%, moderate-high marital violence, high depression/anger), 3) Generally Violent/Antisocial (25%, high marital and general violence). |
| Gottman Institute Research (2019) on DV types | Situational DV (~80%, arguments out of control, mild violence by both, guilty, want to change, higher success in treatment) vs. Characterological DV (~20%, "Pitbulls" and "Cobras," takes no responsibility, blames victim, treatment ineffective/unsafe). |
| Jacobson & Gottman Typology (1998) heart rate findings | Cobras (Type 1) show a decrease in heart rate during conflict (calm, maximize impact, don't fear losing wife); Pit Bulls (Type 2) show an increase in heart rate (stress/defensive reaction, fear abandonment, dangerous when wives leave). |
| Why batterers kill (David Adams) | Motives to punish for leaving/prevent from leaving; "I will decide when the relationship is over." Relationship patterns include abuse within first year, escalating abuse, threats to kill if tries to leave, and demands for sex immediately after violence. |
| Why don't battered women leave? | |
| Dissociation and violence | ~25% of inmates report clinically significant dissociative experiences; flashbacks to prior trauma can result in violence due to the belief they are in danger. Transient depersonalization and amnesia for parts of a violent crime are common. |
| Trauma Informed Care | Asks "What happened to you?" NOT "What's wrong with you?" |
| Violence in prison by the numbers | Men: 35% physical victimization, 10% sexual victimization; Women: 24% physical victimization, 25% sexual victimization. |
| Sexual recidivism base rates (Hanson & Morton-Bourgon 2009) | 45,000 adults with sex offense histories; 11.5% recidivism over 5-6 years, with rates increasing over time; 95% of sex offenses are committed by people not already identified. |
| Static vs. Dynamic risk factors | Static: historical, best predictors. Dynamic: changeable, research in early stages, guides treatment approaches. |
| Hanson Meta-Analysis risk predictors | Three major predictors: 1) Deviant sexual preferences, 2) Antisocial orientation, 3) (Other major predictors). |
| RRASOR four items | 1) Prior Sex Offense Charges/Convictions (0-3 points), 2) Male victims (0-1 point), 3) Extrafamilial victims (0-1 point), 4) Under age 25 (0-1 point). |
| Static-99 instrument | Combined RRASOR items with antisocial/lifestyle instability factors (theory of combining deviance and antisocial factors); includes 10 items such as age, living with a lover, non-sexual violence, prior sex offenses, and victim characteristics. |
| Index offense | The most recent event used to evaluate the potential for sexual recidivism; can be in a "cluster" (multiple offenses before detection treated as a single index cluster), and must result in a criminal justice intervention. |
| Clinical judgment vs. actuarial assessment | Average accuracy of clinical judgment is r |
| Importance of research to anchor dynamic assessment | Clinicians tend to overestimate risk; there is comfort in false positives and anxiety in false negatives; it is psychologically more comfortable to say "don't let him out." |
| Factors falsely thought to be related to risk (Hanson meta-analysis) | Denial, victim empathy/remorse, and neglect/abuse in childhood have NO relationship with risk. |
| Role of child sexual abuse | A relationship exists but there is no direct causal link; most victims don't perpetrate abuse. However, higher rates of abuse contribute to delinquency, promiscuity, and attitudes supportive of coercion. |
| Psychopathy and sexual deviance ("Deadly Duo") | Rice and Harris (1997) showed high sexual recidivism if high on psychopathy (PCL-R>25) and deviant preference on PPG (9/14, about 64%, rearrested within 10 years). |
| Does "Deadly Duo" add to Static-99R? | No. Looman's and Harris's research found that psychopathy and deviance (alone or in combination) did not add to the predictive validity of Static-99R, though psychopathy did predict violent recidivism. |
| Sexual recidivism drop (Lussier & McCuish meta-analysis) | Analyzed 468 studies and found a sexual recidivism rate drop of about 45-60% since the 1970s, which was robust even after accounting for methodological factors. Actuarial tools may now overestimate risk. |
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