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BIO132 10/22

QuestionAnswer
Enzymes job lower activation energy
Enzyme mech 1.Subtrates enter active site and are held in place -hydrogen bonding, weak interaction w/ amino acids in active site, interaction between substrate and enzyme increase: -destabilization to form transition state
Substrate requirements Have to collide with enzyme in correct orientation to break/form bonds
Enzyme activity changes** -Temp and pH (reactivity of charges on AA)-> impact conformation and function of enzyme -Co-factors: inorganic ions (Zn, Mg, Fe), coenzymes: organic molecules (NADH & FADH2), Prosletic groups: non AA or molecules permanently attached
Rate of catalysis variability -substrate concentration -@ high concentrations of substrate-> rxn rate can plateau (saturated)
Enzyme optimal environmental factors
Enzyme regulatory molecules -Change structure or ability to bind to substrate -activate or inactive function
Noncovalent regulation 1. competitive inhibition: active site competition 2. Allosteric regulation: binds to a site other than the active site -activating and inactivating
Covalent regulation changes enzymes structure (can be reversible modification) 1. Phosphorylation: addition of (PO4-) group (reversible) 2. Irreversible changes: cleavage of peptide bond
ATP made from adding ___ to ___ the energy releases is used to add a phosphate group to ADP to make ATP
Glucose Oxidation When glucose is oxidized to CO2 by burning some energy is releases as heat and light -in cells, glucose is oxidized through a long series of redox rxns: -much energy releases is used to make ATP -these rxns make up cellular respiration
Cellular respiration Set of rxns that use e- from high E molecules (glucose) to make ATP Needs: -energy source -source of carbon to use as raw materials for making macromolecules
Cellular respiration steps 1. Glycolysis: 6C glucose broken down into a 3C pyruvate 2. Pyruvate processing: oxidized into acetyl CoA via pyruvate dehydrogenase 3. Citric Acid cycle: acetyl CoA is oxidized to CO2 4. Electron transport chain (ETC) & oxidative phosphorylation
Electron transport chain (ETC) & oxidative phosphorylation e- move through transport chain and their energy sets up a proton (H+) gradient, which is then used to make ATP
Cell's energy sources Metabolism is made up of thousands of diff chemical rxns; organizing them allows for diff pathways and regulation; homeostasis -first use carbs (and glycogen) -then use fats -then use proteins
Four steps of Cellular Respiration Key questions What goes in: What comes out: What happens to the energy that is released: Where does each step occur: How is it regulated:
Glycolysis Reaction steps*** 10 total rxns -Key points: glycolysis starts by using two ATP in the energy investment phase (1-5), during th eenrgy payoff phase (6-10) NADH is made and ATP is produced by substrate
Pyruvate processing oxidized into acetyl CoA via pyruvate dehydrogenase (euk. mitochondrial matrix) (prok. cytosol) -remaining 2C unit is attached to coenzymeA, makes acetyl CoA -byproducts: NADH
Citric Acid cycle regulation -at multiple points in cycle -rxn rates high when ATP is scarce (via feedback inhibition)
Created by: Slayy
 

 



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