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HA U2 T3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Appendicular skeleton | The pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, and lower limbs; 126 bones |
| Function of the appendicular skeleton | Mainly movement; the axial skeleton's main function is protecting internal organs |
| Pectoral girdle | Shoulder girdle; attaches the upper limb to the axial skeleton. Examples: Clavicle, scapula |
| Upper limb | 30 bones. Examples: Humerus, ulna, radius, 8 carpals, 5 metacarpals, 14 phalanges |
| Pelvic girdle | Hip girdle; made of 2 hip (coxal or innominate) bones. Examples: Ilium, ischium, pubis |
| Lower limb | 30 bones. Examples: Femur, patella, tibia, fibula, 7 tarsals, 5 metatarsals, 14 phalanges |
| Clavicle | Collarbone; S-shaped bone that articulates with the manubrium and the acromion of the scapula; frequently fractured |
| Scapula | Shoulder blade; triangular flat bone whose many spines, projections, and fossae are attachment points for shoulder muscles and ligaments |
| Acromion | Process at the top of the scapula that articulates with the clavicle |
| Coracoid process | Hook-shaped process on the front of the scapula where muscles and ligaments attach |
| Spine of the scapula | Ridge across the back of the scapula |
| Glenoid cavity | Shallow socket on the scapula that articulates with the head of the humerus |
| Supraspinous fossa | Depression on the back of the scapula above the spine |
| Subscapular fossa | Large depression on the front of the scapula |
| Vertebral border | Medial edge of the scapula, closest to the spine |
| Lateral border | Outer edge of the scapula, closest to the arm |
| Acromioclavicular joint | Joint where the acromion of the scapula meets the clavicle |
| Glenohumeral joint | Shoulder joint where the head of the humerus meets the glenoid cavity of the scapula |
| Humerus | Upper arm bone; the proximal end articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula and the distal end articulates with the radius and ulna |
| Head of the humerus | Rounded proximal end of the humerus that fits into the glenoid cavity |
| Medial epicondyle | Bump on the medial side of the distal humerus |
| Ulna | Forearm bone on the medial, pinky-finger side; articulates with the humerus |
| Radius | Forearm bone on the lateral, thumb side; articulates with the humerus |
| Carpals | 8 small wrist bones joined to each other by ligaments and lined up in two rows; named for their shapes. Examples: Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate |
| Metacarpals | 5 bones of the palm |
| Phalanges | Finger and toe bones; 14 in each hand and each foot |
| Three types of phalanges | Proximal, intermediate (middle), and distal phalanges |
| Pubic symphysis | Joint where the 2 hip bones join anteriorly |
| Bony pelvis | Complete ring formed when the 2 hip bones join anteriorly at the pubic symphysis and posteriorly with the sacrum |
| Pelvis | Bony ring made of 2 innominate bones, the sacrum, and the coccyx |
| Innominate bone | Hip (coxal) bone made of the ilium, ischium, and pubis, which fuse early in life |
| Ilium | Large upper wing-shaped part of the hip bone |
| Ischium | Lower back part of the hip bone |
| Pubis | Front part of the hip bone |
| Iliac crest | Upper curved edge of the ilium |
| Iliac fossa | Large shallow depression on the inner surface of the ilium |
| Anterior superior iliac spine | Bony point at the front end of the iliac crest |
| Ischial spine | Pointed projection of the ischium |
| Pubic tubercle | Small bump on the pubis near the pubic symphysis |
| Four pelvis shapes | Gynecoid (typical female), android (typical male), anthropoid (narrow), platypelloid (wide) |
| Gynecoid pelvis | Round pelvis shape typical of females |
| Android pelvis | Heart-shaped pelvis typical of males |
| Anthropoid pelvis | Narrow oval pelvis shape |
| Platypelloid pelvis | Wide, flat pelvis shape |
| Sacroiliac joint | SI joint; where the sacrum is joined to the ilium by ligaments; has a small amount of motion |
| Hip joint | Where the femur articulates with the innominate bone; the head of the femur fits into the deep acetabulum; a capsule encloses the joint, and its ligaments and bones make it one of the strongest articulations |
| Acetabulum | Deep socket in the hip bone that the head of the femur fits into |
| Labrum | Fibrocartilage rim around the acetabulum |
| Femur | Thigh bone; the longest, strongest bone in the body; articulates with the acetabulum, tibia, and patella |
| Head of femur | Rounded proximal end of the femur that fits into the acetabulum |
| Neck of femur | Narrow part of the femur just below the head |
| Greater trochanter | Large bump on the lateral side of the proximal femur |
| Lesser trochanter | Smaller bump on the medial side of the proximal femur |
| Lateral and medial condyles | Rounded knobs at the distal end of the femur that articulate with the tibia |
| Patella | Kneecap; sesamoid bone that increases leverage of the thigh muscles (quadriceps femoris) and protects the knee joint |
| Anterior cruciate ligament | ACL; knee ligament inside the joint that keeps the tibia from sliding forward |
| Posterior cruciate ligament | PCL; knee ligament inside the joint that keeps the tibia from sliding backward |
| Medial collateral ligament | MCL (tibial collateral ligament); ligament on the inner side of the knee |
| Lateral collateral ligament | LCL (fibular collateral ligament); ligament on the outer side of the knee |
| Meniscus | C-shaped fibrocartilage pad in the knee between the femur and tibia (medial and lateral) |
| Bursae | Sacs filled with synovial fluid that decrease friction in the knee joint |
| Prepatellar bursa | Bursa between the patella and the skin |
| Infrapatellar bursa | Bursa between the superior end of the tibia and the patellar ligament |
| Suprapatellar bursa | Bursa between the inferior part of the femur and the quadriceps muscle |
| Tibia | Shinbone; articulates with the femur and fibula on the proximal end and with the fibula and talus on the distal end |
| Tibial tuberosity | Bump on the front of the proximal tibia where the patellar ligament attaches |
| Medial malleolus | Bump on the inner ankle formed by the distal end of the tibia |
| Fibula | Thin bone on the lateral side of the leg; its distal end forms the lateral malleolus |
| Lateral malleolus | Bump on the outer ankle formed by the distal end of the fibula |
| Tarsals | 7 bones that form the ankle joint and part of the foot. Examples: Calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuboid, medial, intermediate, and lateral cuneiforms |
| Calcaneus | Heel bone |
| Talus | Ankle bone; articulates with the tibia |
| Metatarsals | 5 bones of the foot that, with the phalanges, make up the forefoot |
| Forefoot | Front of the foot made of the metatarsals and phalanges |
Created by:
khondakerr