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Ch. 9 HDF
Raising Children in a Diverse Society
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 7 Societal Features that make parenting difficult: | 1. parenting often conflicts with employment 2. raise their children in a society characterized by conflicting values and POV 3. parents influence their children's health, weight, eating etc. 4. often sandwiched between caring for kids & their parents |
| 7 Societal Features that make parenting difficult: part 2 | 5. communities show less willingness to support child-centered facilities 6. parents given full responsibility for successfully raising "good" children but their authority is often questioned 7. expected to do intensive parenting while being judged |
| Stress Model of Parental Effectiveness | parental stress-from job, childcare, finances, safety, discrimination causes parental frustration, anger, and depression, and increase the likelihood of household conflict -then leads to poorer parenting practices, as a result to poorer child outcomes |
| One of the great challenges for new parents is a feeling of | isolation |
| Paradox of Parenting | new parents feel overwhelmed, but the motivation to overcome their stress and do their best proceeds from the stressor itself-the child as a source of love, joy, and satisfaction |
| Couples who are more focused on the romantic quality of their relationship may find | the transition more difficult |
| Secondary Childcare | supervising children while doing work; increasing significantly between 2019 and 2020 |
| Children living apart from their mother are more likely to | live with neither parent than children living apart from their father |
| A father's involvement in their child's upbringing is related to | positive cognitive, emotional, and behavioral outcomes from infancy into adolescence |
| Single fathers, percentage is small, but they do their best to | prove themselves they are capable |
| Some research shows that a nonresident father is more involved when their child is born | male -also depends on a conflict-free relationship with the child's mother and extended family |
| What Do Children Need? | Of all ages need parental acceptance, encouragement, nutrition, shelter, interest in their schooling and consistency in rules and expectations |
| What Do Children Need? Infancy: | bond with a consistent and dependable caregiver, need affectionate, intimate relationships |
| What Do Children Need? Preschool and School-Age Children: | need opportunities to practice motor development; need consistent, clear definitions of what behavior is unacceptable; need to practice accomplishing goals and feedback on task performance |
| What Do Children Need? Teenagers: | need caregivers to listen to them; firm guidance coupled with parental accessibility and emotional support; need to learn effective methods for resolving conflict |
| Parenting style combines 2 dimensions: | 1. parental warmth 2. parental expectations- coupled with monitoring of children |
| Authoritarian Parenting Style | low on warmth and high on parental control -hostile; use harsher punishment |
| Permissive Parenting Style | gives children little parental guidance -2 kinds: high on emotional nurturing (spoiled) and low on parental direction and emotional support (emotional neglect) |
| Authoritative Parenting Style ( Positive Parenting) | high on warmth and monitoring; most effective; child does better in school and independently |
| Working-Class Parents | work at construction, manufacturing, repair, and service jobs -children in this are more likely to watch a lot of T.V and eat fast food-related to obesity and poor health -authoritative parenting or authoritarian, emphasizing obedience and conformity |
| Working-class parents tend to follow the ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ according to which children's abilities are allowed to develop naturally | accomplishment of natural growth parenting model |
| Parenting Diversity: Black Parents | to see race or ethnicity as central to their identity; physical punishment is more acceptable and viewed as appropriate display of positive parenting |
| Parenting Diversity: Native American Parents | exercising permissive parenting style that some critics view as neglectful; emphasized personal autonomy and individual choice; using nonverbal teaching; respond warmth with children's needs; let children make mistakes and learn; demonstrate resilience |
| Parenting Diversity: Hispanic Parents | exhibit "complementary" roles: fathers as authoritative figures and moms as caregivers; more authoritarian; teach the traditions and values -as they place less emphasis on familismo and become increasingly permissive, consequences for adolescence |
| Hierarchical Parenting | combines warm emotional support for children with a demand for respect for parents, and older extended family members -Hispanic parents practice this type of parenting |
| Parenting Diversity: Asian American Parents | have the highest income of any race/ethnic group; often characterized as authoritarian, emphasizing obedience and possibly using physical punishment -Confucian training doctrine |
| Confucian training doctrine | blends parental love, concern, involvement and physical closeness with strict or firm control or "training" -"training" may involve parents' use of guilt, shame, and moral obligation to control their child's behavior |
| Raising biracial or multiracial children has unique rewards and challenges | one challenge is insensitive remarks from strangers -another challenge may be tension between parents and children and extended family members over cultural values and attitudes |
| Parents in Transnational Families | "fear and vigilance" characterize the home lives of undocumented parents, with the result that they are less likely to engage with their children's teachers or be active in their communities |
| Religious Minority Parents | we might think of religious benefits as spiritual capital-coping "resource of faith and values derived from commitment to a religious tradition" -parents want children to keep their religion close to them |
| Research generally finds that children of lesbian and gay parents are well adjusted without | significant differences from children of heterosexual parents in school performance, behavior, emotional development, gender identity or sexual orientation |
| Race socialization | developing children's pride in their cultural heritage while preparing them to encounter discrimination |
| Studies show that optimal parenting involves the following factors : | supportive family communication, involvement in a child's life and school, private safety nets, economic resources, workplace policies that facilitate healthy work, safe neighborhood that encourage positivity, society-wide policies that bolster parents |
| Higher-SES parents tend to follow the ___ ____ ____ _____, whereas working class parents are more likely to adhere to the accomplishment of natural growth model | concerted cultivation parenting model |
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