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Urinary System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what four things is the urinary system responsible for | maintaining a stable internal enviroment, removing waste products, adjusting water and electrolyte levels, maintaining the correct pH |
| organs of the urinary system | 2 kidneys, two ureters, one bladder, one urethra |
| another name for the urinary system | genitourinary system or GU system |
| what is the urinary systems main function | filter and remove wastes from the blood via the urine |
| every metabolic process produces what | waste |
| waste becomes toxic if what | if its not removed promptly |
| what is a build up of waste called | uremia |
| wastes are removed from the body by a system of what | blood vessels and tubules |
| filtration of the blood takes place where | the nephrons |
| what makes up the kidneys in millions | nephrons |
| urine drains from the what | kidneys |
| ureters carry urine to where | the bladder |
| when the bladder empties, urine moves through | the urethra and out |
| the two kidneys are behind what | the peritoneum and are retroperitoneal |
| the concave helium is the entry point for the renal artery and exit point for what | the renal vein |
| what brings in waste filled blood | the artery |
| what takes out clean blood | the vein |
| what exits at the hilum | the ureter |
| the outer portion of the kidney is what | the cortex and is like the kidneys shell |
| the inner area of the kidney is what | the medulla |
| what contains pyramids that point inward towards the hilum | the medulla (inner kidney) |
| what is the tip of the kidney | papilla |
| the papilla (tip of the kidney) opens into what | a calyx |
| the calyces collect urine and empty into what | the renal pelvis |
| what is the working unit of the kidney | the nephron |
| each nephron has what | a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule |
| a corpuscle filters the blood using a | glomerular capsule and glomerulus |
| what carries blood into the glomeruli | afferent arterioles |
| what carries blood away from the glomeruli | efferent arterioles |
| water/substances removed from the blood in the corpuscle flow into | the renal tubules |
| what completes urine production | the tubules |
| what 4 parts are the tubules divided into | proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule, and the collecting tubule |
| what carries urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder | the ureters |
| what are ureters | less then quarter inch wide between 10/12 inches long, lines with mucus membrane |
| what is the bladder | an elastic muscular sac in the base of the pelvis, composed of three layers of smooth muscle lined with rugae |
| what receives and stores urine from the ureters | the bladder |
| how much urine can the bladder hold | 300-400 ML |
| what signals the urge to empty | the bladder |
| involuntary muscles cause the bladder to what | contract and the internal sphincter to relax |
| voluntary muscles of the bladder control what | the external sphincter for intentional emptying |
| bladder control is developed sometime after a person reaches the age of what | 2 |
| what is the urethra | its a tubular canal that carries urine out the bladder, lined with mucus membrane |
| how long is the female urethra | 1-2 inches long |
| how long is the male urethra | 8 inches long |
| in woman, the urethra only what | carries urine out the body |
| in men, the urethra carries what two things out the body | urine and semen |
| what is responsible for hemostasis | kidneys |
| the urinary system continually maintains what | the proper balance of water and chemicals in the body |
| if the body has too little water, the kidneys what | conserve it |
| if the body has excess water, the kidneys what | excrete it |
| what regulates the level of electrolytes | kidneys |
| what helps maintain the correct level of pH in the body | kidneys |
| as nephrons remove wastes, many desirable molecules are also what | removed |
| to prevent important chemicals being removed from the body, urine is produced in what 3 stages | filtration, reabsorption, secretion |
| what is the first stage of urine production | filtration: occurs in the renal capsule as pressure forces material out of blood into renal tubules. material is a fluid called glomerular filtrate. contains water, electrolytes, nutrients, wastes, toxics |
| what is the second stage of urine production | reabsorption: happens as filtrate passes through 4 sections of renal tubule. most of water, electrolytes, nutrients are reabsorbed. return to blood via pertibular capillaries |
| what is the third stage of urine production | secretion: happens as special cells of renal tubules secrete ammonia, uric acid, and wastes directly into renal tubules. urine formation is finished at this point, proceeds through kidneys and eventually out of body |
| what color is urine | deep gold to clean in color |
| true or false: urine is sterile during production and collection but becomes contaminated as it exists the body | true |
| what does urine contain | water, electrolytes, toxins, and nitrogenous wastes |
| urine will become _____ (highly toxic to cells) if not released from the body in the form of urea | ammonia |
| glucose, blood, or albumin in urine indicates what | a disease process |
| how much is normal urine output | 1,000-2,000 mL in a 24 hour period |
| normal urine is what | acidic |
| specific gravity of urine indicates the amount of what | dissolved substances |
| concentrated urine has what type of gravity | high specific gravity |
| dilute urine what what type of gravity | low specific gravity |
| abnormal urine: color | brown/black urine means serious disease |
| abnormal urine: odor | foul odor: infection fruity odor: diabetes, dehydration, staruation other odors: meds/foods |
| abnormal urine: appearance | cloudiness may mean that infection is present |
| abnormal urine: specific gravity | concentrated urine: higher specific gravity. dilute urine found in diabetes, acute tubular necrosis, salt restricted diets, lower specific gravity |
| abnormal urien: protein | protein may indicate glomerulonephritis or preclampsia in pregnant woman |
| abnormal urine: pH | higher then 7.0 (basic/alkaline) common in metabolic + Respiratory alkalosis/fever/high protein diets/taking ascorbic acid |
| abnormal urine: glucose | small glucose levels: high carb meals, stress, pregnancy, aspirin, corticosteroids high glucose levels: poorly controlled diabetes, cushings syndrome, infection |
| abnormal urine: Ketones | presence indicates poorly controlled diabetes, dehydration, staruation, ingestion of large amounts of aspirin |
| abnormal urine: blood | may indicate glomerulonphritis, cancer of urinary tract, types of anemia, blood thinners, arsenic poisoning, reactions to transfusion, trauma, convulsions, burns |
| cyst/o | bladder/pouch |
| glomerul/o | glomerulus |
| glycos/o | sugar |
| hem/o | blood |
| hemat/o | blood |
| hydr/o | water |
| keron/o | ketones |
| lith/o | stone |
| necr/o | death |
| nephr/o | kidney |
| noct/i | night |
| olig/o | scanty |
| protein/o | protein |
| py/o | pus |
| pyel/o | renal pelvis |
| ren/o | kidney |
| tox/o | poison |
| ur/o | urine |
| ureter/o | ureter |
| urethr/o | urethra |
| urin/o | urine |
| cele | protrusion |
| emia | blood condition |
| lith | stone |
| lithiasis | condition of stones |
| logy | study of |
| lysis | to destroy (to break down) |
| malacia | abnormal softening |
| megaly | enlarged |
| pexy | surgical fixation |
| plasty | surgical repair |
| ptosis | drooping |
| sclerosis | hardening |
| stenosis | narrowing |
| tic | pertaining to |
| tripsy | surgical crushing |
| uria | urine condition |
| dys | painful/difficult |
| cystic | pertaining to the bladder |
| glomerular | pertaining to a glomerulus |
| renal | pertaining to the kidney |
| ureteral | pertaining to a ureter |
| urethral | pertaining to the urethra |
| nephrology | diagnosis/treatment of diseases/disorders of kidney. nephrologist |
| urology | diagnosis/treatment of diseases/disorders of urinary/male reproductive system, urologist |
| azotemia | nitrogenous wastes in bloodstream |
| dysuria | difficult/painful urination |
| frequency | bigger urge to urinate, no increase in total volume of urine |
| hematuria | blood in urine |
| nephrolith | kidney stone |
| nephromalacia | kidney is abnormally soft |
| nephromegaly | enlarged kidney |
| nocturia | urinating frequently at night |
| oliguria | producing too little urine |
| polyuria | unusually large volume of urine |
| renal colic | pain caused by kidney stones |
| stricture | narrowing of passageway in urinary system |
| ureterostenosis | ureter has become narrow |
| urethralgia | urethral pain |
| urgency | feeling need tourinate immediately |
| diabetic nephropathy | damage to glomerular capillaries due to high blood sugar of diabetes mellitus |
| glomerulonephritis | inflammation of kidney, more permeable to protein and blood cells |
| nephrolithiasis | presence of calculi in the kidney, solidification of salts in urine |
| nephroptosis | downward displacement of kidney, floating kidney |
| polycystic kidneys | multiple cysts within kidney, destroys normal kidney tissue |
| pyelitis | renal pelvis inflammation |
| pyelonephritis | inflammation of renal pelvis/kidney, common type of kidney disease |
| renal cell carcinoma | cancerous tumor of renal tubule cells |
| wilms tumor | malignant kidney tumor, most often found in children |
| bladder cancer | cancerous tumor from cells lining bladder, primary symptom is hematuria |
| cystocele | protrusion of urinary bladder into wall of vagina |
| neurogenic bladder | loss of nervous control, leads to retention |
| blood urea nitrogen (BUN) | blood test to see kidney function by measuring level of nitrogenous waste (urea) in bloodstream |
| creatinine clearance | test of kidney function, amount of creatinine in bloodstream compared to amount in urine |
| urine culture and sensitivity (C&S) | test for bacterial infection, grow bacteria in culture medium to identify it, determine which antibiotics it is sensitive to |
| cystogram | x-ray record of the bladder |
| excretory urography (EU) | dye injected in bloodstream, x-ray traces dye as it moves through organs of urinary system |
| intravenous pyelography (IVP) | injecting dye into vein than taking x-ray to outline the renal pelvis |
| kidney, ureters, bladder (KUB) | abdominal x-ray showing kidneys, ureter, bladder |
| retrograde pyelography (RP) | dye inserted through urethra to outline bladder, ureters, renal pelvis |
| voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) | dye placed in bladder, x-ray taken to visualize urethra while patient is voiding |
| cystoscopy (cysto) | visual examination of urinary bladder using cystoscope |
| extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL) | use of ultrasound waves to break up renal calculi |
| hemodialysis (HD) | use of artificial kidney machine to filter the blood |
| peritoneal dialysis | removes wastes using chemically balanced solutions placed into peritoneal cavity |
| cystopexy | surgical fixation of bladder |
| cystoplasty | surgical repair of bladder |
| lithotripsy | physical destruction of stone |
| nephrotomy | cutting into a kidney |
| BUN | blood urea nitrogen |
| C&S | culture and sensitivity |
| Cath | catheterization |
| CC | clean catch urine specimen |
| ESWL | extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy |
| GU | genitourinary |
| IVP | intravenous pyelogram |
| KUB | kidneys, ureters, bladder |
| NS | nephrotic syndrome |
| U/A, UA | urinalysis |
Created by:
Kimberly0203