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Tox Vocab 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Hazard | This is the inherent ability of a chemical to cause harm. |
| Hyperplasia | This is an increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ. |
| Hypertrophy | This is where the cell size increases which results in an enlargement of the organ or a tissue, which means that they are capable of increased activity. Unlike hyperplasia, there is no increase in cell number. |
| Hypersensitivity | This is the state in which an individual reacts following exposure to a substance with allergic effects after having been exposed (sensitised). |
| In Silico Methods | These use computational methods to predict activity of compounds based on knowledge of their chemical structure and physicochemical properties. |
| In Vitro | This means “in glass” and are studies which use tissue, cellular or subcellular extracts from a living organism. |
| In vivo | These are studies which are carried out in living organisms. |
| Irritant | A chemical causing a localised inflammatory reaction to skin or mucous membranes at the site of contact. |
| Klimisch Rating | This is used to assess the reliability of toxicological studies which could then be used to assess their overall adequacy in risk assessment. |
| LC50 | This is the “median lethal concentration, 50%” and is the mass of test substance per unit volume of air (mg/m3) which causes lethality in 50% of the exposed test population by inhalation. The LC50 is typically expressed as mg/m3. |
| LD50 | This is the mid lethal dose50% and is the amount of substance which causes lethality 50% of the exposed test population by either oral or dermal route The LD50 is typically expressed as amount of test substance per unit weight of test organism (mg/kg (bw) |
| Lethal | This is another word for causing death. |
| Limit Test | Used where the substance is expected to be of low toxicity. The highest dose which corresponds to the upper dose for classification is used under CLP/GHS. Advantage: a much smaller number of animals are used as effectively only one dose is administered |
| If the results in a limit test indicate no adverse effects, then? | No further testing would be required for this endpoint |
| Lipophilic | This means “fat loving” and such compounds readily dissolve in fats, oils and non polar solvents. |
| Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level (Loael) | This is the lowest administered dose where adverse effects are observed under the conditions of the study. Both of these apply to thresholded effects. |
| Local effects | These occur at the initial site of contact with the chemical and could be by the skin, by inhalation or eye contact and even as a result of ingestion. Dilute acids and alkalis are examples of chemicals which will cause local effects. |
| Malignant tumour | This is a tumour which is cancerous and will metastasise into surrounding tissues. |
| Marginal irritants | These are substances (including solvents, soaps and detergents) which will only cause contact dermatitis after a prolonged and repeated dermal exposure. |
| Meiosis | This is the process of cell division which involves the reproductive cells (sperm and egg),and produces more reproductive cells. Unlike mitosis though the daughter cells only contain half as many chromosomes as the parent. |
| Mitosis | process of cell division which involves non-reproductive cells (somatic cells). Essentially the parent cell divides and produces two new daughter cells which are identical to each other and the parent cell. Each cell will contain 23 pairs of chromosome. |
| Microscopic (investigation) | This is where a light microscope is used to investigate any changes for example changes in cell structure which cannot be seen with the naked eye; in other words magnification is required. |
| Macroscopic (investigation) | The examination of changes which are large enough to be visible to the naked eye. This could for example be related to changes in organ structure or even structural changes within a developing organism which are visible without the use of magnification. |
| Mutation | This is an alteration in the genetic material, which can be passed onto subsequent generations. |
| Nanoparticle | This is a particulate substance which has in at least one dimension of less than 100nm (nanometres) |
| Neoplasm | This means “new growth”, and is another word for tumour or abnormal growth. |
Created by:
Amanda-C