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integumentary system
NOT MINE
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the main functions of the integumentary system? | Protection from infection, sensation, temperature regulation, melanin and vitamin D production, waste excretion, and fluid balance |
| How does the integumentary system protect the body? | Acts as a physical, chemical, and biological barrier against infection |
| What cells help protect the skin from infection? | Langerhans cells |
| What skin secretion helps protect against microorganisms? | Sebum |
| What sensory information does the integumentary system detect? | Pressure, pain, heat, and cold |
| What are Meissner's corpuscles responsible for? | Light touch |
| What are Merkel discs responsible for? | Light touch and sustained pressure |
| What are Pacinian receptors responsible for? | Deep pressure and vibration |
| What are nociceptors responsible for? | Detecting pain |
| What are thermoreceptors responsible for? | Detecting temperature, including heat and cold |
| How does the integumentary system regulate body temperature? | Through sweating and changes in blood flow in the skin |
| What pigment does the skin produce for protection and color? | Melanin |
| What vitamin can the skin produce? | Vitamin D |
| How does the integumentary system help excrete waste? | Sweat glands excrete water, salts, and small amounts of nitrogen-containing waste |
| How does the integumentary system help maintain fluid balance? | The skin helps limit water loss, while sweat glands release water and electrolytes |
| What are the three primary layers of the skin? | Epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis |
| What is the epidermis? | The outermost layer of skin; epithelial tissue with no blood vessels (avascular) |
| What are the main components of the epidermis? | Keratinocytes, melanocytes, Merkel cells, and Langerhans cells |
| What are keratinocytes? | Cells that produce keratin to strengthen and waterproof the skin |
| What are melanocytes? | Cells that produce melanin for skin pigmentation and UV protection |
| What are Merkel cells? | Cells involved in touch sensation |
| What are Langerhans cells? | Immune cells that help defend the skin against pathogens |
| What are the five layers of the epidermis from deepest to most superficial? | Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum |
| What is the stratum basale? | The deepest epidermal layer; a single layer of cells that continuously divides to produce new skin cells |
| What is the stratum spinosum? | The epidermal layer with spiny-looking cells that provide strength and support |
| What is the stratum granulosum? | The layer where keratinization increases and cells begin to die as they lose nutrients |
| What is the stratum lucidum? | A layer of dead, keratinized cells found only in thick skin, such as the palms and soles |
| What is the stratum corneum? | The outermost layer of dead, tightly packed, keratinized cells that protects against injury and water loss |
| Why is the epidermis avascular? | It has no blood vessels and receives nutrients by diffusion from the dermis |
| What is the dermis? | The vascular connective tissue layer beneath the epidermis |
| What proteins are found in the dermis? | Collagen, elastin, and reticular fibers |
| What is the function of collagen in the dermis? | Provides strength and helps resist tearing |
| What is the function of elastin in the dermis? | Allows skin to stretch and return to its original shape |
| What structures are found in the dermis? | Blood vessels, glands, hair follicles, nerves, involuntary muscles, and lymph vessels |
| What causes fingerprints and toe prints? | Patterns formed by dermal papillae at the junction between the dermis and epidermis |
| What is the hypodermis? | The subcutaneous layer beneath the dermis, made mainly of loose connective tissue and adipose tissue |
| What are the main functions of the hypodermis? | Insulation, cushioning, energy storage, and anchoring the skin to underlying structures |
| What is adipose tissue? | Fat tissue that stores energy, insulates the body, and cushions organs and tissues |
| What is fascia? | Connective tissue that surrounds and supports muscles and other structures |
| What is melanin? | A natural pigment produced by melanocytes that contributes to skin, hair, and eye color |
| Why is melanin important? | It determines pigmentation and helps protect skin cells from ultraviolet (UV) radiation |
| What is a first-degree burn? | A superficial burn affecting only the epidermis |
| What are the signs of a first-degree burn? | Redness, mild swelling, warmth, and pain without blisters |
| How are first-degree burns treated? | Cool running water, gentle moisturizing, and pain relief as needed |
| How long does a first-degree burn usually take to heal? | About one week |
| What is a second-degree burn? | A partial-thickness burn affecting the epidermis and part of the dermis |
| What are the signs of a second-degree burn? | Redness, swelling, significant pain, and blisters |
| Why do second-degree burns have an increased infection risk? | The skin barrier is damaged, allowing pathogens to enter |
| How are second-degree burns treated? | Appropriate wound care, sterile non-stick dressings, pain relief, and medical assessment when needed |
| How long can a superficial second-degree burn take to heal? | Approximately two to three weeks, depending on depth and severity |
| What is a third-degree burn? | A full-thickness burn that destroys the epidermis and dermis and may extend into deeper tissues |
| What are the signs of a third-degree burn? | White, brown, or blackened skin, leathery tissue, and possible loss of sensation in the burned area |
| Why might a third-degree burn not be painful in the center? | Nerve endings may be destroyed, although surrounding areas can be extremely painful |
| How are third-degree burns treated? | Emergency hospital care, fluid replacement, infection prevention, possible skin grafting, and rehabilitation |
| What is eschar? | Dead, damaged tissue that can form a thick covering over a severe burn |
| What is a contracture after a burn? | Tightening and shortening of scar tissue that restricts movement |
| What is a pressure ulcer? | A localized area of skin or underlying tissue damage caused by prolonged pressure or pressure combined with shear |
| What is another name for a pressure ulcer? | Decubitus ulcer or bedsore |
| Where are pressure ulcers most likely to develop? | Over bony prominences, such as the heels, hips, sacrum, and elbows |
| What causes pressure ulcers? | Prolonged pressure that reduces blood flow and damages tissue |
| What does A stand for in the ABCDE method of skin cancer detection? | Asymmetry — the two halves of a mole do not match |
| What does B stand for in the ABCDE method of skin cancer detection? | Border — edges are irregular, uneven, or poorly defined |
| What does C stand for in the ABCDE method of skin cancer detection? | Color — color varies within the same spot |
| What does D stand for in the ABCDE method of skin cancer detection? | Diameter — often greater than 6 mm (about ¼ inch), although melanomas can be smaller |
| What does E stand for in the ABCDE method of skin cancer detection? | Evolving — a mole changes in size, shape, color, or symptoms |
| What does a blue tint to the skin usually indicate? | Cyanosis, which may indicate low oxygen levels in the blood |
| What is cyanosis? | A bluish discoloration of the skin or mucous membranes that can be associated with inadequate oxygenation or circulation |
| What does a yellow tint to the skin usually indicate? | Jaundice, caused by elevated bilirubin levels |
| What is jaundice? | Yellowing of the skin and eyes due to bilirubin accumulation, which may indicate liver, bile duct, or blood-related disease |
| What are sudoriferous glands? | Sweat glands that produce sweat for cooling and waste excretion |
| What are sebaceous glands? | Oil glands that secrete sebum to lubricate and protect the skin and hair |
| What is sebum? | An oily secretion that helps lubricate the skin and hair and reduce water loss |
| What are the two main types of sweat glands? | Eccrine and apocrine glands |
| What are eccrine sweat glands? | Glands that produce watery sweat for cooling; abundant on the palms, soles, and forehead |
| What are apocrine sweat glands? | Glands concentrated in the armpits and groin that release secretions into hair follicles and become active at puberty |
| Does fresh sweat usually have a strong odor? | No; body odor develops mainly when skin bacteria break down substances in sweat and other secretions |
Created by:
sb4