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A&P RESPIRATORY
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Nose (Nasal Cavity) | Serves as the primary entry point for air, the hairs and sticky mucus filter out dust and germs, while blood vessels warm and moisten the air. |
| Mouth ( Oral Cavity) | serves as the secondary entrance for the respiratory tract and the primary entrance for the digestive system. |
| Paranasal Sinuses | Air-filled spaces in skull bones that lighten the head and act as voice resonating chambers. |
| Pharynx ( Throat) | Acts as a shared passageway for both air coming from the nose/mouth and food heading toward the esophagus( tube that carries food/liquid to your stomach) |
| Epiglottis | A flap of elastic cartilage (tissue) that covers the larynx ( hollow tube in throat helps you breath, talk, and swallow safely) during swallowing to block food from entering the windpipe. |
| Larynx ( voice box) | Contains the vocal cords for sound production and the glottis ( opening to the lower respiratory tract) |
| Main (Primary) Bronchi | The first two branches coming off the trachea ( right and left main bronchi) that enter each lung. |
| Lobar (Secondary) Bronchi: | Branches that supply each lobe of the lung (three on the right, two on the left) |
| Segmental (Tertiary) Bronchi | Smaller branches that supply specific bronchopulmonary segments inside the lobes. |
| Bronchioles | Tiny airways that branch off from the segmental bronchi and no longer contain cartilage support. |
| Terminal and Respiratory Bronchioles | The smallest subdivisions of the bronchioles that lead into the gas exchange zones. |
| Alveoli | Tiny air sacs wrapped in capillaries ( smallest blood vessels in body) where gas exchange actually happens. |
| Trachea ( Windpipe) | rigid tube reinforced with C- shaped cartilage rings that carries air in and out of your lungs. A tube that connects your upper airways in your throat to your bottom airways in your lungs,Brings oxygen to your lungs and gets rid of carbon dioxide. |
| diaphragm | A large, dome-shaped skeletal muscle below the lungs that drives ventilation (movement of air in and out of the lungs). Phrenic nerve controls it. |
| conducting zone of the RS? | Pharynx, trachea, primary bronchi |
| non-conducting zone of the RS? | alveolar duct, Respiratory bronchioles, alveoli |
| inspiration | the process of taking air into the lungs. It's the active phase of ventilation because it is the result of muscle contraction. During this, the diaphragm contracts and the thoracic cavity increases in volume. Decreases the intra alveolar pressure |
| expiration | the process of letting air out of the lungs during the breathing cycle. During this, The relaxation of the diaphragm and elastic recoil of tissue decreases the thoracic volume and increases the intra alveolar pressure. It pushes air out of the lungs |
| spirometer | An instrument used to measure the volume of air that moves into and out of the lungs. Respiratory (pulmonary) volumes are an important aspect of pulmonary function testing |
| pontine respiratory group (PRG) | a collection of neurons located in the pons of the brainstem that acts as a modulator to smooth out and regulate your breathing patterns. |
| Tachypnea | Fast, shallow breathing; caused by fever, anxiety, or early oxygen drops. |
| Bradypnea | Slow breathing below 12 breaths per minute; caused by drug use or increased brain pressure |
| Hyperpnea | Increased depth and rate of breathing; matches higher physical or metabolic needs. |
| Apnea | Temporary stop in breathing. |
| Hyperventilation | condition where you breathe faster or deeper than your body actually needs, causing a rapid drop in the amount of carbon dioxide (CO₂) in your blood. |
| Kussmaul Respiration | Deep, rapid, and labored breathing; linked to severe metabolic acidosis or diabetic ketoacidosis |
| Cheyne-Stokes Respiration | Breathing that slowly increases in depth and rate, then decreases and stops in an apnea cycle; linked to heart failure or stroke |
| Biot's Respiration | Groups of regular deep breaths mixed with sudden stops (apnea); linked to brain damage or stroke. |
| Ataxic Breathing | Completely irregular, disorganized breathing with random deep and shallow breaths and long pauses; indicates severe brain stem damage. |
| Apneustic breathing | an abnormal, deeply disordered pattern of respiration characterized by prolonged, cramping inspirations followed by a sudden, brief release of air. |
| Boyle's Law : | Controls pulmonary ventilation; expanding your chest increases volume and drops pressure, pulling air in. (Volume ↕, Pressure ↕) |
| Charles' Law : | Controls air expansion; your airways warm cold, inhaled air, causing it to expand before reaching the alveoli.(Temperature ↕, Volume ↕) |
| Gay-Lussac's Law: | Controls airway thermal pressure; a rigid volume means higher temperatures increase gas pressure (seen clinically in dangerous airway burns/explosions) (Temperature ↕, Pressure ↕) |
| Dalton's Law : | Controls partial pressure gradients; lets oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse completely independently during gas exchange (\(P_{\text{total}} = P_1 + P_2 + ...\)) |
| Henry's Law : | the amount of gas dissolved in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas above the liquid (Solubility + Pressure) |
| Vital Capacity | TV + IRV + ERV |
| Total Lung Capacity | VC + RV (or TV + IRV + ERV + RV ) |
| Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) | ERV +RV (the air left in the lungs after a normal, relaxed exhale) |
| Inspiratory Capacity (IC) | TV + IRV (the maximum air you can breathe in starting from a normal resting exhale) |
| Vital Capacity (VC): | TV + IRV + ERV |
| Functional Residual Capacity (FRC): | ERV + RV |
| Hypoxemia | Your blood carries less oxygen because there is less available in the thin air. |
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) | an umbrella term for progressive lung diseases that make it increasingly difficult to breathe. It is most commonly caused by long-term smoking or exposure to air pollutants. Primarily consists of emphysema and Chronic Bronchitis. |
| Asthma | a chronic condition characterized by reversible airway inflammation and narrowing. Unlike COPD, which causes permanent damage, asthma symptoms usually come and go in response to specific triggers. |
| pneumonia | is an acute infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs. Bacteria, viruses, or fungi cause the alveoli to fill with fluid or pus. This makes it difficult for oxygen to pass into the bloodstream. It can range from mild to life-threatening. |
| Sleep apnea | potentially serious sleep disorder where breathing repeatedly stops and starts during sleep. |
| Cystic fibrosis | genetic, inherited disorder that severely damages the lungs, digestive system, and other organs. A defective gene alters a protein that regulates the movement of salt and water in and out of cells. unusually thick, sticky mucus plugs up airways |
| alveolar ventilation | the volume of fresh air that reaches the gas-exchange area of the lungs, the alveoli, per minute. |
| TV + IRV + ERV is the formula for what | vital capacity |
| Lung Compliance | the ability of lungs to stretch and expand (pulmonary compliance) |
| Movement of air into the lungs (inspiration) + Movement of air out of the lungs (expiration) | Pulmonary ventilation |
| Movement of oxygen from the lungs to the blood + Movement of carbon dioxide from the blood to the lungs | External respiration |
| Transport of Respiratory Gases is... | Transport of oxygen from the lungs to the tissues +Transport of carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs |
| Movement of oxygen from blood to the tissue cells +Movement of carbon dioxide from tissue cells to blood | Internal respiration |
| What happens to your diaphragm when you INHALE? | The diaphragm moves downward and flattens while the intercostal muscles contract. A very active process that requires input of energy. Air flows into the lungs when the thoracic pressure falls below atmospheric pressure. |
| What happens to your diaphragm when you EXHALE? | Air is forced out of the lungs when the thoracic pressure rises above atmospheric pressure. The diaphragm and expiratory muscles relax. A passive process that takes advantage of the recoil properties of elastic fibers |
| eupnea | normal, relaxed, quiet breathing |
| dyspnea | labored, gasping breathing; shortness of breath |
| hypoventilation | reduced pulmonary ventilation |
| orthopnea | Dyspnea that occurs when a person is lying down |
| maximum amount of air that can be expired after taking the deepest breath possible | vital capacity |
| maximum volume of air that can be inhaled following exhalation of resting tidal volume | inspiratory capacity |
| volume of air remaining in the lungs following exhalation of resting volume | Functional Residual Capacity |
| total volume of air that the lungs can hold | Total lung capacity |
| Respiratory control center | What's found in the pons and the medulla oblongata ?? |
| what does the respiratory control center do? | Control breathing , Adjusts the rate and depth of breathing according to oxygen and carbon dioxide levels , Afferent connections to the brainstem , Hypothalmus and limbic system send signals to respiratory control centers |
| pulmonary infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis; reduces lung compliance | tuberculosis |
| Hydrogen ion concentrations + Carbon dioxide concentrations | strongly influence respiration |
| Oxygen concentrations | have little effect on respiration |
| Carbon dioxide loading -The Haldane Effect | the lower the partial pressure of oxygen and saturation of it in hemoglobin, the more carbon dioxide can be carried in the blood, Oxygen unloading from hemoglobin molecules |
| the loading of oxygen and the unloading of carbon dioxide in the lungs | What's Alveolar Gas Exchange? |
| Carbon dioxide is transported in what three forms? | -Carbonic acid – 90% of carbon dioxide reacts with water to form carbonic acid -Carboamino compounds – 5% binds to plasma proteins and hemoglobin -Dissolved gas – 5% carried in the blood as dissolved gas |
| Basic functions of the respiratory system are (1-3): | 1. provides oxygen to the blood stream+removes carbon dioxide 2. enables sound production or vocalization as expired air passes over the vocal chords 3. enables protective and reflexive non-breathing air movements to keep the air passages clear |
| Basic functions of the respiratory system are (4-5): | 4.control of Acid-Base balance 5.control of blood pH |
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