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week 7

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What are the four major organs of the urinary system? Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.
What is the main purpose of the urinary system? Remove waste and maintain the body's internal environment.
What type of organs are the kidneys in relation to the peritoneum? Retroperitoneal organs.
Why is the right kidney slightly lower than the left? Because of the liver.
At what vertebral levels are the kidneys located? Approximately T12–L3.
What is the approximate length of a kidney? 10–12 cm.
What is the outer portion of the kidney called? Renal cortex.
What is the inner portion of the kidney called? Renal medulla.
What are the triangular structures found in the renal medulla? Renal pyramids.
What is the outer protective covering of the kidney? Renal capsule.
What structures collect urine from the renal papillae? Minor calyces.
What structures receive urine from the minor calyces? Major calyces.
What funnel-shaped structure collects urine before it enters the ureter? Renal pelvis.
What is the functional unit of the kidney? Nephron.
Approximately how many nephrons are in each kidney? Approximately 1 million.
What network of capillaries filters blood in the nephron? Glomerulus
What structure surrounds the glomerulus and receives filtrate? Bowman's capsule.
Which arteriole brings blood into the glomerulus? Afferent arteriole.
Which arteriole carries blood away from the glomerulus? Efferent arteriole.
What are the three major processes of urine formation? Glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion.
What process moves water and small solutes from blood into the nephron? Glomerular filtration.
What process returns useful substances from tubular fluid to the blood? Tubular reabsorption.
What process moves substances from blood into the renal tubules? Tubular secretion.
Which substances are normally not filtered in significant amounts? Red blood cells and large plasma proteins.
What urinary findings may indicate glomerular damage? Proteinuria and hematuria.
What is the first part of the renal tubule after Bowman's capsule? Proximal convoluted tubule.
Which nephron segment reabsorbs much of the filtered water and sodium? Proximal convoluted tubule.
Which nephron structure helps create the medullary concentration gradient? Loop of Henle.
Which limb of the Loop of Henle is highly permeable to water? Descending limb.
Which limb of the Loop of Henle reabsorbs sodium and chloride and is relatively impermeable to water? Ascending limb.
Which nephron segment follows the Loop of Henle? Distal convoluted tubule.
Which structure determines how much water remains in the final urine? Collecting duct.
What hormone increases water reabsorption in the collecting ducts? Antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
What happens to urine when ADH levels increase? Urine becomes more concentrated and its volume decreases.
What happens to urine when ADH levels decrease? Urine becomes more dilute and its volume increases.
What system helps the kidneys regulate blood pressure? Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS).
What enzyme is released by the kidneys when renal perfusion decreases? Renin
Which RAAS substance causes vasoconstriction and stimulates aldosterone release? Angiotensin II.
Which hormone promotes sodium and water retention and potassium excretion? Aldosterone.
Which hormone stimulates red blood cell production? Erythropoietin.
What is the active form of vitamin D produced by the kidneys? Calcitriol
What are the three major endocrine substances associated with kidney function? Renin, erythropoietin, and calcitriol.
How do the kidneys help maintain acid-base balance? Excrete hydrogen ions and reabsorb or generate bicarbonate.
Which organ provides rapid acid-base regulation? Lungs.
Which organ provides slower, long-term acid-base regulation? Kidneys
What is painful urination called? Dysuria.
What is blood in the urine called? Hematuria.
What is excessive urine production called? Polyuria.
What is decreased urine output called? Oliguria.
What is very little or no urine production called? Anuria.
What is excessive nighttime urination called? Nocturia.
What is the inability to empty the bladder completely called? Urinary retention.
What is a sudden compelling need to urinate called? Urinary urgency.
What is difficulty starting urination called? Urinary hesitancy.
What is involuntary leakage of urine called? Urinary incontinence.
What is a common normal urine color? Pale yellow.
What may dark, concentrated urine suggest? Possible dehydration.
What is the systematic measurement of fluid intake and measurable output called? Intake and output (I&O).
Where is the costovertebral angle located? Between the 12th rib and the vertebral column.
What clinical finding may occur with pyelonephritis when the CVA is percussed? Costovertebral angle tenderness.
What is the laboratory examination of urine for physical, chemical, and microscopic findings called? Urinalysis
What test identifies microorganisms causing a urinary tract infection? Urine culture.
When should a urine culture be collected in relation to antibiotics, whenever possible? Before antibiotics are administered.
What waste product is generated primarily from muscle metabolism and filtered by the kidneys? Creatinine.
What does an increasing serum creatinine level often suggest? Decreased kidney filtration.
What does BUN stand for? Blood urea nitrogen.
What does eGFR stand for? Estimated glomerular filtration rate.
What does a persistently reduced eGFR help assess and stage? Chronic kidney disease.
Which electrolyte abnormality can cause life-threatening cardiac dysrhythmias in renal dysfunction? Hyperkalemia
What is a urine collection that gathers all urine over a specified 24-hour period called? 24-hour urine collection.
What noninvasive imaging test assesses kidney size, structure, and hydronephrosis without ionizing radiation? Renal ultrasound.
Which imaging study provides detailed images of the urinary system using X-rays? CT scan.
What procedure uses a scope passed through the urethra to visualize the bladder? Cystoscopy.
What procedure obtains a small kidney tissue sample for microscopic examination? Renal biopsy.
What is the major complication to monitor for after a renal biopsy? Bleeding.
What procedure uses shock waves generated outside the body to break kidney stones? Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL).
What procedure passes a scope through the urethra and bladder into the ureter to treat stones? Ureteroscopy.
What tube may be placed in the ureter after ureteroscopy to maintain urine drainage? Ureteral stent.
What procedure removes large or complex kidney stones through a tract created in the skin? Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL).
What is the surgical removal of a kidney called? Nephrectomy.
What procedure removes only the diseased portion of a kidney? Partial nephrectomy.
What procedure removes an entire kidney and surrounding structures as indicated? Radical nephrectomy.
Where is a transplanted kidney usually placed? In the lower abdomen or pelvis.
What medications must kidney transplant recipients take exactly as prescribed to prevent rejection? Immunosuppressive medications.
What are major concerns following kidney transplantation? Rejection, infection, renal function, and fluid/electrolyte imbalance.
What are the major kidney functions beyond urine production? Fluid, electrolyte, acid-base, blood pressure, red blood cell, and bone/mineral regulation.
Created by: yatteyy
 

 



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