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DNA & RNA
Biology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| components of a nucleotide | phosphate group (connects nucleotide together in the sugar-phosphate backbone) 5-carbon sugar (dioxyribose or ribose) nitrogenous base (carries genetic info, ACG (T or U) carbon 1' corresponds to the nitrogenous base & moves clockwise |
| Nitrogenous Bases in DNA VS RNA | DNA: Cytosine w/ guanine AND adenine w/ thymine RNA: cytosine w/ guanine AND adenine w/ uracil |
| Purines | Adenine & guanine they have two rings in their structure |
| pyrmidines | cytosine, thymine, and uracil they have 1 ring |
| What holds bases together in DNA & RNA? | hydrogen bonds -cytosine & guanine have 3 -thymine & guanine have 2 -adenine & uracil have 2 |
| What holds the sugar phosphate backbone together? | covalent bonds (which are stronger than HB) This makes DNA stable enough to store info but easy to unzip when the cell needs to use it (each used as a template strand) |
| helicase | an enzyme that breaks down the HBs between base pairs to separate the 2 strands |
| template strand | -After being separated by helicase, a single DNA strand becomes a template & acts as a pattern for building a new complementary strand |
| Which direction does DNA polymerase travel? | it adds nucleotides to the 3' end but reads the og template in the 5' to 3' direction Leading strand: same direction as helicase towards the replication fork lagging: its complicated |
| Daughter strand | |
| semi-conservative replication | DNA splits (helicase) & becomes a template for polymerase to build a new strand, making 2 DNA mcs w/ one og strand & one new strand -makes copies of the exact genetic info a daughter cell needs for proteins & functions (new cells form & they need DNA!) |
| DNA polymerase | An enzyme that adds matching nucleotides using base pairing rules to template strands in DNA replication -it proofreads the DNA strand as it builds, removing mismatched bases/reversing its mistakes and replacing it |
| benefits of semi-conservative replication | -the template ensures correct base pairing, reducing replication errors -the cell has a guide for building the new strand accurately |
| Which direction does helicase travel? | depends on the type of helicase & the strand it travels along |
| leading strand | built continuously towards the replication fork -needs only one RNA primer to start (one starting point) -read in the 3' to 5' direction |
| lagging strand | -built in short pieces away from the replication fork -needs multiple RNA primers -okazaki fragments -ligase joins the fragments together -read in the 5' to 3' direction |
| how does DNA polymerase move down the lagging strand? | -polymerase works away from the replication fork -primase puts down multiple primers, resulting in multiple fragments of DNA (okazaki fragments) must work in short section away from the replication fork |
| okazaki fragments | each is initiated by its own RNA primer |
| RNA primer | short piece of RNA that provides a starting point to being building daughter strands -polymerase attaches to a base on the template (HB) -it is later removed & replaced w/ a DNA base |
| primase | - |
| Why is RNA primer needed | polymerase can't start building a new strand from scratch, it needs an existing 3' OH end to add nucleotides to |
| Which bases can RNA primers attach to | The RNA bases include uracil, adenine, guanine, and cytosine & they attach to their complementary nitrogenous bases on the template strand |
| free nucleotide | |
| chromatid | |
| condensed chromatin | chromatin that's tightly coiled, making individual chromosomes visible -when they are loosened, they spread out and can blend into surroundings |
| homologous chromosomes | a pair of chromosomes, one from each parent, that have the same genes in the same locations but may have different variations of those genes (alleles) -exists before DNA replication -NOT joined at the centromere |
| sister chromatids | two identical copies of chromosomes made using S phase, attached at the centromere -they are considered one chromosome, when they are separated each one is called a chromatin |
| chromosomes | -two sister chomatids joined at the centromere are one chromosome |
| centromere | the region of a chromosome where sister chromatids are held together and where the kenetichore forms for spindle attachment during cell division |
| alleles | different versions of the same gene -have slightly different DNA sequences -you inherit 1 allele from each parent for a gene |
| gene | specific section of DNA that contains instructions for making a functional product, often a protein -DNA is the entire strand, a gene is a section of this, one recipe in the entire cookbook/strand |
| histosones | a protein that packages and organizes DNA inside the cell's nucleus -positively charged amino acids to attach the negatively charged sugar-phosphate backbone |
| why are chromatin packed tightly | -DNA must fit inside the nucleus -also, each cell in your body has the same chromosomes, so cells tighten or loosen DNA to control what the cell builds ( DNA needs to be unwound to replicate) |
| bacterial chromosome | double-stranded, circular DNA molecule associated with a small amount of protein |
| Eukaryotic chromosomes | linear DNA molecules associated with a large amount of protein |
| nucleoid | -a region of the cell located in bacterium -it stores the supercoiled DNA |
| nucleosomes | a section of DNA wrapped around a group of histones -it is the entire group/comb of DNA and histones - |
| How does a cell regulate which genes the cell can access | |
| Chromatin | -after the nucleosomes coil into a fiber, the fiber is organized by proteins into loops -this creates organized sections of chromatin -DNA + associated proteins organized together |
Created by:
Blessed Rectangle 11