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Civics ch 9
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the legislative branch’s most important power? | Making laws |
| What are enumerated powers? | Powers listed in the Constitution |
| Which article and section gives Congress the power to tax? | Article I, Section 8 |
| What is a duty? | A tax on select imports |
| What are excises? | Taxes on the nation’s internal production, sale, or use of certain items and business practices |
| What did the Sixteenth Amendment institute? | The income tax |
| When was the Sixteenth Amendment passed? | 1913 |
| When was NAFTA signed? | 1994 |
| What did NAFTA do? | Eliminated many tariffs on Canadian and Mexican goods |
| What happened to the North American trade agreement in 2018? | President Trump signed a new agreement he believed was more favorable to the United States |
| Which constitutional clause gives Congress the power to borrow money? | Article I, Section 8, Clause 2 |
| From whom does the United States borrow money? | Other countries, private banks, and individuals through the sale of bonds |
| Which constitutional clause gives Congress the power to coin money and regulate its value? | Article I, Section 8, Clause 5 |
| What general responsibility does Article I give Congress? | Providing for the country’s general welfare |
| What power does Article I, Section 8, Clause 3 give Congress? | The power to regulate commerce |
| Which case gave Congress broad power to regulate interstate commerce? | Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) |
| Which clauses describe Congress’s specific military powers? | Article I, Section 8, Clauses 10–16 |
| What does Clause 10 authorize Congress to do? | Legislate in international law and prosecute war crimes |
| How did the federal government handle early debt? | Alexander Hamilton proposed that the national government assume state and federal debts; the plan was approved and helped stabilize the country’s finances. |
| When did national debt increase dramatically? | After the 1980s |
| What does “legal tender” mean? | Money that must be accepted to pay debts |
| How does legal-tender status affect paper money? | It helps give paper money its value |
| Which trade agreements did a 2014 protest image oppose? | NAFTA and the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) |
| Why was the meaning of “commerce” important to Congress’s powers? | The Constitution did not define it precisely. |
| What was Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) about? | A dispute over competing steamboat operating rights |
| What did Chief Justice John Marshall rule in Gibbons v. Ogden? | Congress could regulate interstate commerce. |
| What effects did the Gibbons v. Ogden ruling have? | It limited state-granted monopolies and supported trade between states. |
| How did later Supreme Court decisions interpret Congress’s commerce power? | They broadened it to include some economic activity within a single state. |
| How can production for personal use affect interstate commerce? | It can affect market prices and conditions, even if the product is not sold. |
| What war-related powers does Congress have? | Declare war and authorize military action |
| How can Congress raise and fund an army? | It can raise and fund armies, but must approve army funding for no more than two years at a time. |
| What naval powers does Congress have? | Provide and maintain a navy and make rules for the armed forces |
| When can Congress call up the militia? | To enforce federal laws, suppress insurrections, or repel invasions |
| What powers does Congress have over the militia? | Organize, arm, and discipline it |
| What militia powers do states retain? | Appointing militia officers and training the militia according to federal standards |
| What power does Clause 11 give Congress? | The power to declare war |
| Who has often wielded the power to make war despite Congress’s authority to declare it? | The President |
| What did the War Powers Act of 1973 attempt to do? | Rein in the President’s power to use military force |
| What is a letter of marque? | Authorization for private citizens to capture another nation’s merchant ships |
| What is a power of reprisal? | Retaliation against another nation when provoked, such as seizing property or people |
| What two provisions does Clause 4 cover? | Naturalization and bankruptcy |
| Who is automatically granted U.S. citizenship? | People born in the United States |
| What powers has Congress used to regulate immigration and citizenship? | It has regulated immigration and, in some cases, taken away citizenship |
| What was the purpose of Clause 4’s bankruptcy provision? | To promote uniform bankruptcy laws among the states |
| How should a debtor’s assets be distributed in bankruptcy? | Equally among the debtor’s creditors |
| What did Alexander Hamilton expect the U.S. Post Office to do? | Generate revenue for the Treasury |
| What had the mail service expanded to include by 1986? | Free rural delivery |
| Which clause gives Congress the power to grant patents and copyrights? | Article I, Section 8, Clause 8 |
| What kinds of intellectual property are protected today? | Photos, movies, computer programs, and prescription drugs |
| How did earlier naturalization laws discriminate? | Based on race, sex, or marital status |
| Why could some citizenship applicants be denied during the Cold War? | For belonging to or supporting groups that advocated violently overthrowing the government |
| When were many naturalization restrictions lifted? | During the 1960s |
| Where did many immigrants come from by the late 20th and early 21st centuries? | Asia and Latin America, rather than Europe |
| What postal powers does the Constitution give Congress? | Establish post offices and post roads |
| What rights can authors and inventors receive under the Constitution? | Exclusive rights to their work for a limited time |
| Why does the Constitution grant authors and inventors exclusive rights? | To encourage creative work and invention |
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