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B2 Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| According to the levels of processing model, how is deep processing different from shallow processing? | deep processing like semantic encoding or the self-reference effect leads to better long term memory than shallow processing like counting syllables |
| What are the three types of memory according to the Three Stage Processing Model? | Sensory Memory, Short Term Memory / Working Memory, and Long Term Memory (LTM) |
| What are the limits of Sensory, Working, and Long Term Memory? | Sensory: high capacity, lasts 1-2 secs / Short-Term: approx 7 items for 15-30 secs / Long-Term: Unlimited capacity + duration. |
| What is the difference between Implicit Memory / Procedural Memory and Explicit Memory / Declarative Memory? | Implicit Memory = things your body unconsciously knows how to do / Explicit Memory = things you can consciously think about |
| Difference between these types of memory: Flashbulb Memory, Episodic Memory , Semantic Memory, Prospective Memory | Flashbulb - vivid, emotionally charged snapshot of a significant event / Episodic - Personal life experiences and events / Semantic-General facts and knowledge / Prospective-Remembering to perform an intended action in the future |
| What parts of what they studied does someone remember with the Serial Position Effect? | the beginning and the end |
| What is the difference between Anterograde Amnesia and Retrograde Amnesia? | Anterograde Amnesia = can't make new memories / Retrograde Amnesia = can't remember old memories |
| What is the difference between an Encoding failure and a Retrieval failure? | Encoding failure = didn't get it into your memory system (usually because you weren't paying attention) / Retrieval failure = you memorized it but can't get it back out of your memory system |
| What does someone forget with Source Amnesia? | they forget where they learned the information |
| What did Ebbinghaus's forgetting curve show? | that people have a quick drop in retention of memory and then keep the remaining 40% for a really long time afterward |
| What is the difference between Assimilation and Accommodation? | Assimilation=fit new info into the schema category as the category already exists Accommodation=change the schema category to fit new info |
| What is the difference between an Algorithm and a Heuristic? | Algorithm = logical, step by step problem solving method / Heuristic = mental shortcut |
| What's the difference between a heuristic and an algorithm? | heuristic=mental shortcut for solving a problem / algorithm=logical, step by step method for problem solving |
| What's the difference between the Representativeness Heuristic and the Availability Heuristic? | Representativeness Heuristic=using the prototype to decide on category membership / Availability Heuristic=using your most readily available memory to decide |
| How does the Cognitive Bias of Functional Fixedness affect the way you solve a problem? | can only think of the normal use for an object |
| How does the Cognitive Bias of Belief Perseverance affect the way you solve a problem? | ignore evidence that conflicts with what you believe so you can keep believing it |
| How does the Cognitive Bias of Confirmation Bias affect the way you solve a problem? | you only search for evidence that supports your opinion |
| How does the Cognitive Bias of Gambler's Fallacy affect the way you solve a problem? | believe you should keep going because the next try has to go your way since the last several didn't |
| How does the Cognitive Bias of Framing affect the way you solve a problem? | the way someone words the issue affects the way you think about it |
| What does the Medical Model say about psychological disorders? | psychological disorders are illnesses that need to be diagnosed and cured. |
| Why would a mental health professional use the DSM-5? | to diagnose a mental disorder |
| What does the Diathesis Stress Model say about developing a mental health disorder? | if you have the genetics for a disorder, you're more likely to develop it if you had a super stressful life |
| What are the two alternating moods in Bipolar Disorder? | mania (unrealistic optimism) and depression (extreme hopelessness) |
| How is the Cognitive Distortion of Catastrophizing bad for someone's mental health? | you always assume the worst about a situation so it's stressful |
| What is the main focus of Cognitive Therapyy? | Changing someone's irrational, unhealthy thought patterns into more rational and healthy thought patterns |
| During which stage of sleep does someone dream? | REM |
| How can you look at them and tell they're dreaming? | Rapid Eye Movement |
| What are some negative effects of Sleep Deprivation? | reduced immune system, bad memory, bad mood, reduced energy |
| What is the difference between Insomnia, Sleep Apnea, and Narcolepsy? | Insomnia = can't sleep, Sleep Apnea = stop breathing in sleep, Narcolepsy = randomly fall asleep |
| What is Dissociation? | A sense of being separated from your body and watching yourself with a sense of detachment |
| What is the primary characteristic of Dissociative Disorders? | separation from normal state of consciousness (awareness of self and environment) |
| What is the difference between Dissociative Identity Disorder and Dissociative Amnesia? | Dissociative Identity Disorder = multiple states of consciousness / Dissociative Amnesia = lost time because of separation of consciousness |
| What are the three stages of Hans Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)? | Alarm reaction, Resistance, and Exhaustion |
| What causes someone to go through all three stages of Hans Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)? | prolonged stress |
| Why does prolonged stress cause immune suppression that often leads to catching a viral or bacterial infection? | Stress diverts energy from the immune system |
| What does "nature vs. nurture" mean? | nature = biological and nurture = environmental |
| What is the order of an action potential through a neuron? | dendrite→cell body→axon→myelin sheath→terminal buttons |
| What part of the neuron releases neurotransmitters? | terminal buttons |
| What is the function of myelin sheath? | insulate the axon to speed up the reaction along the neuron |
| What disorder is associated with a breakdown of the myelin sheath? | multiple sclerosis |
| Label every part of the neural firing graph below. | 1.Stimulus, 2.threshold, 2.5.between ⅔ is depolarization, 3.action potential, 4.repolarization, 5.reuptake |
| How is an action potential different from a resting potential? | Action Potential is when the neuron has a positive charge and is actually firing. Resting potential is when a neuron is negative inside and at ready to fire. |
| How do you know if the neuron has reached the threshold? | an all or nothing response occurs and the neuron opens and positively charged ions rush through |
| Where is the synapse? | between 2 neurons |
| What functions does Acetylcholine enable? What disorder(s) is it related to? | muscle movements and memory-Alzheimers Disease |
| What functions does Dopamine enable? | reward, pleasure |
| What functions does Serotonin enable? | emotions/mood regulation |
| What does GABA do for you? | slows down body responses, major inhibitory |
| What experiences do the psychoactive drugs in the category of Stimulants cause? | increased neural activity, heightened alertness, elevated mood, boosted heart rate, and bursts of energy |
| What experiences do the psychoactive drugs in the category of Depressants cause? | reduced central nervous system activity, relaxed muscles, slowed heart rate and breathing, impaired coordination, and decreased anxiety. |
| What experiences do the psychoactive drugs in the category of Opioids cause? | intense euphoria, profound pain relief, severe sedation, and slowed bodily functions |
| What experiences do the psychoactive drugs in the category of hallucinogens cause? | The experience of vivid, distorted images that are not based on sensory input |
| Name the research methods discussed in AP Psychology that are options for AAQ part A. | experimental, correlational, naturalistic observation, case study, meta-analysis |
| Why do you need an Operational Definition in a psychology research study? | so other people know how to measure the variables the same way that the original researcher did if they replicate the study |
| What is the purpose of Replication in research? | to test the reliability of original findings across different samples |
| How is Naturalistic Observation different from a Case Study? | Naturalistic Observation = watch them in their natural environment without bothering them / Case Study = interact with them |
| During which type of research do you use Random Sampling? | correlational studies |
| During which type of research do you use Random Assignment? | experiments |
| What is the Population in a research study? | the whole group you want to understand |
| What does the Correlation coefficient (r) measure? | the strength of a relationship between two variables |
| What does a Correlation coefficient (r-value) close to 0 indicate? | it indicates little to no relationship/association between two variables, meaning changes in one give no clue about changes in the other. |
| What does a Correlation coefficient (r-value) close to +1 indicate? | indicates a strong positive relationship, meaning as one variable increases, the other variable consistently increases as well |
| What are the percentage of scores within each standard deviation in a Normal Distribution? | 34% in one standard deviation above, 34% in one standard deviation below, 13.5% in the second standard deviation above, and 13.5% in the second standard deviation below the mean |
| How does Experimental Research differ from Correlational Research? | experiments can prove causation and correlational studies show association |
| Sometimes a person in a research study will get better just because they think they're getting a good treatment. What is this improvement based on believing called? | Placebo Effect |
| What is the Placebo? | an inactive substance or fake treatment—such as a sugar pill—given to control group participants in an experiment to test whether the effects of a drug or intervention are caused by the active ingredient rather than participant expectations |
| What is the difference between the Independent vs Dependent Variable? | Independent Variable = the one you change on purpose / Dependent Variable = the one you measure to see if it got changed |
| How does Regression toward the Mean explain someone getting better without any specific treatment? | a person with an extreme score is likely to get closer to normal eventually |
| What are the APA's IRB Ethical Guidelines for people? | No Coercion, Informed Consent/Assent, Confidentiality/Anonymity, Protection from Harm, and Debriefing |
| Why is Charles Spearman's General Intelligence or "G" Factor best reflected in a single IQ score? | Spearman's g factor is a general intelligence that underlies successful performance on a wide variety of tasks |
| What are the eight types of intelligence according to Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences? | musical-rhythmic, visual-spatial, verbal-linguistic, logical-mathematical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic |
| What are the three types of intelligence according to Robert Sternberg's Triarchic theory of Intelligence? | analytical, creative, and practical intelligence |
| What is the difference between what an Aptitude Test measures versus what an Achievement Test measures? | Aptitude Test = what you can learn in the future / Achievement Test = what you have already learned |
| What is the difference between Validity and Reliability? | Validity = measuring or predicting what it is supposed to / Reliability = get the same results every time |
| How do Crystallized and Fluid Intelligence change over time? | Crystallized increases forever / Fluid decreases in old age |
Created by:
lcurty100