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Enlightenment
Enlightenment Thinkers and Terms
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| John Locke's philosophical theory that the human mind at birth is a "blank slate," shaped entirely by experience and environment. | (Tabula Rasa) |
| English philosopher who argued that government authority derives solely from the consent of the governed to protect life, liberty, and property. | (John Locke) |
| The traditional political theory stating that monarchs derive their authority directly from God and are answerable to no earthly power. | (Divine Right of Kings) |
| English philosopher who held a pessimistic view of human nature and advocated for an absolute monarch to maintain social order. | (Thomas Hobbes) |
| Foundational concept asserting that all human beings inherently possess fundamental rights (life, liberty, property) from birth. | (Natural Rights) |
| An implicit agreement where individuals surrender select liberties to a government in exchange for security and state protection. | (Social Contract) |
| French philosopher who advocated for dividing government authority into legislative, executive, and judicial branches. | (Baron de Montesquieu) |
| The constitutional principle that divides state power across independent branches to guard against tyranny through checks and balances. | (Separation of Powers) |
| French thinker who championed direct democracy and argued that legitimate political governance must reflect the collective public interest. | (Jean-Jacques Rousseau) |
| The core political doctrine that supreme authority and political power rest ultimately with the people, not a sovereign ruler. | (Popular Sovereignty) |
| French satirist who fiercely championed freedom of speech, freedom of religion, and civil tolerance while attacking state censorship. | (Voltaire) |
| English writer who authored A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, arguing that equal education was essential for female rationality and citizenship. | (Mary Wollstonecraft) |
| Scottish philosopher known as the father of modern economics who advocated for free markets guided by the "invisible hand." | (Adam Smith) |
| Economic policy advocating minimal state interference and regulation in business enterprise and free trade. | (Laissez-Faire) |
| Italian legal reformer who condemned state torture and death penalties, arguing that punishments must be swift and proportional to crimes. | (Cesare Beccaria) |
| Chief editor and co-creator of the monumental 28-volume compilation designed to democratize knowledge and promote rational thought. | (Denis Diderot) |
| The landmark 28-volume work created during the Enlightenment to gather human knowledge and challenge religious dogma. | (Encyclopédie) |
| Informal intellectual gatherings hosted in private European homes—frequently organized by women—to debate emerging philosophical ideas. | (Salons) |
| Thomas Hobbes’s 1651 political treatise asserting that human existence in a state of nature is "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short." | (Leviathan) |
| The 16th and 17th-century intellectual movement whose discovery of rational laws in science directly inspired Enlightenment political thought. | (Scientific Revolution) |
| Philosophical and religious belief among Enlightenment thinkers that God created the universe like a master clockmaker but does not intervene in human affairs. | (Deism) |
| The principle advocating the separation of government, law, and education from religious institutions and ecclesiastical authority. | (Secularism) |
| Philosophical theory asserting that all human knowledge originates from sensory experience, evidence, and observation. | (Empiricism) |
| A political system in which absolute monarchs adopted select legal, religious, or educational reforms without relinquishing autocratic control. | (Enlightened Absolutism) |
| Jean-Jacques Rousseau's concept describing the collective, unified interest and common good of an entire political community. | (General Will) |
Created by:
todd.moore