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grand canyon unit
for science
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Weathering | is the breakdown or dissolving of rocks, minerals, and soils in place at or near the Earth's surface without being moved |
| Erosion | is the geological process in which earthen materials, such as soil and rock debris, are worn away and transported to new locations by natural forces like water, wind, ice, and gravity |
| Sedimentary Rocks | is a rock formed at or near Earth's surface by the accumulation, compaction, and cementation of mineral particles, rock fragments, or organic remains |
| Relative Dating | is a scientific method used in geology and archaeology to determine the chronological order of past events (which event or rock layer is older or younger) without giving them a specific numerical or calendar age |
| Law of Cross-cutting relationships | is a fundamental principle of geology used for relative dating. It states that any geologic feature that cuts across another rock or structure is younger than the rock or feature it cuts |
| Uplift | is the upward vertical movement of Earth’s surface relative to a reference level (such as sea level) |
| Down-cutting | is the geological process where a stream or river erodes its channel bed downward, deepening the valley or canyon over time |
| Law of Superposition | is a core principle in geology and stratigraphy stating that in any undisturbed sequence of sedimentary rock layers, the oldest layer is at the bottom and the layers become progressively younger toward the top |
| Law of Original Horizontality | (also called the principle of original horizontality) states that layers of sediment are originally deposited in horizontal or nearly horizontal flat layers under the action of gravity |
| Sequence | is an ordered collection of objects, values, or units where the position of each element follows a specific rule or pattern |
| Arid | describes a climate or region that receives very little precipitation and has a severe water deficit where potential evaporation greatly exceeds the actual rainfall |
| Unconformity | is a buried erosional or non-depositional surface that represents a gap in time (or a hiatus) within the geological rock record. It occurs when sediment deposition stops or when existing rock layers are eroded away before younger layers ar |
| Deposition | is the geological process where transported sediments, soil, rocks, and dissolved minerals are dropped or laid down in a new location after the agents of erosion (water, wind, ice, and gravity) lose their kinetic energy |
| Diversion | usually refers to specific technical concepts depending on the field, though the phrase is often confused with diversity science or divergence |
| Watershed | is an area of land where all precipitation, surface runoff, and snowmelt drain downhill into a shared outlet, such as a stream, river, lake, or ocean |
| Tributary | is a freshwater stream, river, or glacier that flows into a larger parent river (called a mainstem) or a lake, rather than flowing directly into an ocean or sea |
| Porosity | is the measure of the empty space (void volume) inside a solid material, expressed as a fraction or a percentage of the total bulk volume |
| Permeability | generally refers to how easily a material allows liquids, gases, magnetic fields, or molecules to pass through it. |
| Infiltration | is the process by which water on the ground surface enters and moves downward into the soil and subsurface layers |
| Retention | refers to the volume of water held within a rock, soil, or sediment pore space against the pull of gravity, due to molecular attraction, surface tension, and capillarity |
| Spatial | is an interdisciplinary field that studies and visualizes our lived environment, focusing on the patterns, relationships, and processes of objects and events across space |
| Temporal | means relating to time or the sequence and progression of events, as opposed to space |
| Physical weathering | (also called mechanical weathering) is the geological process that breaks rocks, minerals, and soils down into smaller pieces without changing their chemical composition |
| Chemical weathering | is the process where rocks and minerals break down or dissolve due to chemical reactions that alter their internal composition |
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