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PHIL110 Midterm
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the primary purpose of philosophy according to Socrates in the Apology | Society must prioritize the abstract- truth, goodness, wisdom, justice, and virtue |
| What makes Socrates the wisest of all people | What makes Socrates wise is that he knows that he knows nothing -> recognizes his ignorance |
| The nature of the soul and how the soul relates to the body | They do not get along. The body desires bodily material, pleasure, honor, while the soul desires spiritual things |
| What is Platonic Dualism | Claims that reality has two realms of existence: material/bodily realm and immaterial/spiritual realm |
| An IDEA that serves as the BASIC PATTERN from which individual things receive their ESSESNCE and IDENTITY | The characteristics of a Platonic Form |
| Wat is the relationship between the Form of the Good and all other Forms | The Form of the Good is the highest form. Everything that exists is a reflection of the good |
| What is the relationship between metaphysics and ethics in Platonism | Metaphysics is the study of reality/existence. Ethics is the study of value. Plato argues that you cannot know how to live a good life (ethics) without first understanding the ultimate structure of reality (metaphysics). |
| An individual thing with properties/qualities that is not a property/quality of something else ex. a human is a ____ , but not a property of something else | Aristotle’s understanding of a substance |
| What it means to call a substance a hylomorphic union | A single, unified thing composed of two principles: matter and form |
| What are the various roles that matter and form play in constituting a substance | Matter is the material from which substances are made, and form is the organizing principle of matter. Material is passive, form is active |
| How does Aristotle use matter and form to understand the human being | The human body is the matter, on its own, the body is just potential. The soul is the form, the essence or structural organization of the body |
| Aristotle’s understanding of the relationship between form, function, and purpose | Formal cause- the form that gives a substance its structure and function. Efficient cause- Brings a substance into being and sustains a substance. Final cause- Purpose for which a substance exists |
| The doctrine of the four causes and how this relates to the definition of a substance | The four causes explain why a substance exists, what it is made of, and why it behaves the way it does. |
| The matter that constitutes a substances body | Material cause |
| The various ways in which Aristotle conceives of the soul | 1. The form of a living substance -> the soul is the formal cause, the structure 2. The animating (inner life) principle of a living substance |
| Different types of souls | Nutritive (plant) soul- growth, nourishment, reproduction. Perceptive/appetitive (animal) soul- locomotion(moving self through own power), perception/sensation. Rational(human) soul- reasoning, understanding, self conscious |
| Why neither the soul nor the body is a substance on its own | The soul is the physical form of the body |
| Augustine’s position on the Platonic view of the Good | |
| The relationship between God, happiness, and worldly goods | We only desire God, only God can desire our happiness, not the worldly goods |
| What it means to say that God is pure actuality and the attributes of God that follow from this | Pure actuality means God has no potentiality. God fully actualizes God's essence. He is already everything that it means to be God- perfect, infinite, all knowing, all powerful, eternal, utterly unique |
| The relationship between essence and existence in God | They are one in the same. God fully actualizes God's essence |
| Aquinas’s account of the origin of moral evil | God does not cause moral evil, but we are free so we choose what to do |
| The various powers that the human soul provides to the human being | Nutrition, locomotion, perception, experience pleasure and pain, and rational powers (Aristotle makes the same argument) |
| The definition of God that Anselm provides | God is that being that which nothing greater can be thought or conceived. It is not possible to think or imagine or conceive something greater than God |
| The characteristics of a Platonic Form | Eternal and immutable realities. They exist in the spiritual realm. The forms are the true objects of knowledge- coming to know the form it participates in. |
| How the Allegory of the Cave is a metaphor for Platonic metaphysics | The cave represents the material realm. The world beyond the cave is a symbol for the spiritual realm. The sun in the allegory represents the form of the good. |
| Why it is greater to exist both in the mind and in reality than to exist in the mind alone | Something that only exists both in the mind and reality is more real because it has a greater share of reality (corresponding reality) |
| Augustine’s understanding of how God relates to creation | God is transcendent and intimately present to creation and yet beyond creation. (Author and its novel) |
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