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HDF 112
Ch. 8 Deciding about Parenthood
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Fertility | refer to live births |
| Total Fertility Rate | the average number of children a woman would have in her lifetime based on the childbearing rates of women in a population in a given year |
| Replacement Level Fertility | level of fertility necessary for a society to replace its population -U.S fertility rate today is below this -a society needs 2 children in order to replace every 2 adults |
| Quiverfull Movement | thinking of their offspring as "an army they're building for God" -aim for 6 or more children -criticized for being antifeminist because it preaches "biblical patriarchy" and linked to child sexual abuse |
| Couples in this generation averaged more than | 3 children post WIII |
| ____ ______ constitute Americans' ideal family size, has been evident for at least 50 years | two children |
| Women and couples with higher education and income tend to want and have | fewer children -one reason is that they are high opportunity costs |
| Birthrates also reflect beliefs and values about having children, which vary among racial and ethnic groups-highest rate is | Hispanics |
| Pronatalist Bias | social pressure to have children |
| Structural Antinatalism | not doing what it could to support parents and their children; U.S characterized by |
| Value of Children Perspective | children historically were economic assets -more working hands in the field |
| ______ is regarded a meaningful aspect of personal identity | Parenthood |
| Rewards and Costs of Parenthood: most obvious cost is | financial |
| For a middle-income married couple, it costs _______ to raise a child born in 2015----> | $233,610; in 2022, costs $290,014 due to inflation, not counting college |
| How Children Affect Couple Happiness | among married people, children, especially young ones stabilize a union; parents less likely to divorce -the more children, the lower their marital happiness -lower levels of psych. well-being among parents more than nonparents |
| Fathers may feel a reduced sense of confidence in their place in the family after the birth of a child, whereas the mother | experience higher level of couple conflict |
| Factor that exacerbates the negative effect of children on the couple relationship is: | lower income, difficulty with communication, parental anxiety and depression and characteristics of the child such as being a poor sleeper |
| Girls are associated with greater declines in | marital quality than boys |
| Voluntary Childlessness/Childfree | not choosing to have children at all -white adults more likely to choose this path -toughest for people in their late 30s and 40s when same-age peers are consumed with childrearing |
| Marrying at later ages and people's desire to complete their education and become established in a career are | two of the main reasons for delaying having children until their 30s and even later |
| Earlier Parenthood | greater certainty of being physically able to have children -greater freedom to pursue other activities after the children are raised -greater likelihood of having more time with grandchildren -begin saving for college or retirement later in their life |
| Later Parenthood | mothers needed a period of time for personal and career development -likely to be married to highly educated men who will do extra housework and take care of child -greater maturity and preparation -more patient and confident |
| Fertility ______ with age and higher rates of reproductive risks | declines |
| There is evidence that waiting longer to have the next child | benefits the older one academically |
| The proportion of one-child families in the U.S is growing for the same reasons women are having fewer children: | 1. women's increase career opportunities and aspirations 2. individuals' desire to parent in a context of inadequate workplace support for the parenting role 3. high cost of raising a child 4. greater peer-support, choice to have one child |
| There is no _____ ____ of being an only child | negative effects |
| Having Only One Child | parents have higher education expectations; more money saved for college education -enjoy parenthood without feeling overwhelmed, more free time, better off financially, share domestic chores and afford more things together |
| Disadvantages of Having Only One Child | for parents, include the fear that child might get seriously injured or die -for the child, lack of opportunity to experience sibling relationships, extra pressure to succeed, under an uncomfortable amount of parental scrutiny |
| Nonmarital Births | 58% of all nonmarital births occur to cohabiting mothers -accompanies changing societal attitudes--> morally acceptable to have a baby outside of marriage -father involvement is lower among who are cohabiting or in contact with mother |
| Single Mothers by Choice | see themselves as responsible, emotionally mature, and financially capable of raising a child and conforming to normal family goals -most often cut back on work hrs. and downgrade lifestyle -no different from other children -want to become a parent |
| Single Mothers by Choice- Various routes | biological pregnancy, artificial insemination or adoption |
| Births to Adolescents (Teenage Pregnancy) | less sexually active than previous generations and waiting longer to have sex -more likely to terminate pregnancy -less likely to report having unprotected sex -lack the consistent economic and social support -pre-term and low birth weight |
| Teens perceive many benefits to early parenthood including: | cementing bonds with a romantic partner, proving oneself as an independent adult, and creating an emotional connection with a baby |
| Multi-Partner Fertility | having children with more than one biological parent -the lower the levels of education in men, the more likely they are to be fathers of multiple children outside of marriage -complex family systems but weaker ties to extended families |
| Preventing Pregnancy: BC methods involve: | 1. physical barriers 2. short-acting hormonal substances that prevent ovulation 3. longer-acting forms of BC 4. "natural" methods including "fertility awareness" and withdrawal (pulling out) |
| The most effective methods for preventing pregnancy is | sterilization, followed by long-acting methods such as the implant and IUD, followed by short-acting methods including the pill, injectables, the Patch and Ring |
| The least effective methods for preventing pregnancy is | barrier (condoms) and natural methods |
| The pill is the | most common BC method followed by sterilization |
| Abortion | in 2016, 2/3 of abortions occurred at less than 8 weeks of gestation and nearly all were performed in the first trimester (91%) |
| Reasons for abortion | concern for or responsibility to another individual -would interfere with education, work, or ability to care for dependents -not being able to afford -not wishing to be a single mother -have completed childbearing -not ready to have a child |
| Involuntary Infertility | condition of wanting to conceive and bear a child but being physically unable to do so -male infertility accounts for 50% of fertility cases |
| Assisted Reproductive Tech. (ART) | refers to any procedure in which the egg/ or sperm is manipulated with the intention of pregnancy |
| Adoption | same-sex parents are 7 times more likely to raise and adopt foster children than different-sex parents |
| Informal Adoption | children are taken into a parent's home, but adoption is not legally formalized -most common among Alaska Native, African Americans, and Hispanic individuals |
| Public adoptions take place through | licensed agencies |
| Private adoptions are arranged between the | adoptive parents and the birth mother through an attorney |
| Transracial Adoption | white parents are adopting children of a different race than in the past |
| The Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978 requires that adoptive placement be made with: | 1. members of the child's extended family 2. other members of the same tribe 3. other Indian families so as to protect the rights of the Indian child and rights of the community |
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