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VOCAB

TermDefinition
Cell The basic structural and functional unit of all living things.
Organism An individual living thing, such as a plant, animal, or bacterium.
Cell membrane The protective outer layer that controls what enters and leaves a cell.
Cytoplasm The jelly-like fluid that fills the inside of a cell.
Organelle A tiny structure inside a cell that performs a specific job.
Nucleus The control center of a eukaryotic cell that contains its DNA.
Prokaryote A simple, single-celled organism that lacks a nucleus (like bacteria).
Eukaryote A complex organism whose cells contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
Atom The smallest, basic unit of a chemical element.
Molecule Two or more atoms bonded together.
Lipid A fatty compound used by cells for long-term energy storage and making membranes.
Protein A molecule made of amino acids that builds structures and drives chemical reactions.
Carbohydrate A sugar or starch molecule used by cells for quick energy.
Nucleic acid A molecule (like DNA or RNA) that carries genetic information.
Phospholipid A specific lipid molecule that forms the double-layered cell membrane.
Cytoskeleton A network of protein fibers that gives a cell its shape and aids movement.
Mitochondrion The powerhouse organelle that generates energy (ATP) for the cell.
Ribosome A tiny structure that builds proteins.
Endoplasmic reticulum A network of membranes that helps make and transport proteins and lipids.
Golgi complex An organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for delivery.
Cell wall A rigid outer layer found in plants, fungi, and bacteria that provides extra support.
Vacuole A storage sac inside a cell for water, nutrients, or waste.
Chloroplast An organelle in plant cells that captures sunlight to make food (photosynthesis).
Lysosome An organelle containing digestive enzymes that breaks down waste and old cell parts.
Tissue A group of similar cells working together to perform a specific job.
Organ A structure made of different tissues working together (like the heart or stomach).
Organ system A group of organs working together to perform a major body function.
Structure The physical shape, arrangement, or makeup of an object or body part.
Function The specific job, role, or purpose that a structure performs.
Species A group of similar organisms that can mate and produce fertile offspring.
Genus A group of closely related species.
Domain The highest and largest rank used to classify living things.
Bacteria A domain of simple, single-celled prokaryotic organisms.
Archaea A domain of ancient, single-celled prokaryotes that often live in extreme environments.
Eukarya The domain that includes all eukaryotic organisms (cells with a nucleus).
Protista A kingdom of mostly single-celled eukaryotic organisms that aren't plants, animals, or fungi.
Fungi A kingdom of organisms (like mushrooms and molds) that absorb nutrients from organic matter.
Plantae The kingdom of multicellular organisms that make their own food through photosynthesis.
Animalia The kingdom of multicellular organisms that must eat other living things for energy.
Homeostasis Maintaining a stable, balanced internal environment.
Photosynthesis Using sunlight, water, and CO2 to create glucose and oxygen.
Cellular Respiration Breaking down glucose to generate cellular energy (ATP).
Mitosis Cell division resulting in two identical daughter cells.
Passive Transport Moving substances across a membrane without using energy.
Diffusion Movement of particles from high to low concentration.
Osmosis Movement of water molecules across a membrane.
Active Transport Moving substances against a concentration gradient using energy (ATP).
Endocytosis Cell absorbing external material by engulfing it with its membrane.
Exocytosis Cell expelling material by releasing it from a membrane vesicle.
organism An individual living thing, such as a plant, animal, or bacterium.
 

 



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