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anatomy CH11
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| fascicles within a muscle are always | parallel |
| fascicles arrangement within a muscle is | not always parallel |
| the 4 types of skeletal muscles: | parallel, circular, pennate, convergent |
| parallel muscles are ____ shaped, with a central body (___) | spindle; belly |
| the most common type of skeletal muscles are | parallel |
| parallel muscles ___ and become ___ in diameter during contraction | shorten; larger |
| circular muscles are also called | sphincters |
| circular muscles become ___ in diameter during contraction | smaller |
| convergent muscle fascicles extend over a ____ area and ____ at one attachment site | broad; converge |
| raphe | slender band of collagen fibers |
| raphes are pulled on by | convergent muscles |
| convergent muscles are good for | adapting to different activities |
| the stimulation of different portions in a convergent muscle changes | the direction the muscle pulls as a whole |
| when compared to a parallel muscle, convergent muscles are ___ strong when all fibers are pulling at once | less |
| the fibers in a convergent muscle all pull in | different directions |
| pennate muscles form | a common angle with a tendon |
| when compared to a parallel muscle, pennate muscles pull ___ far | less |
| pennate muscles have the most ____ due to their larger numbers of myofibrils | tension |
| unipennate | all fascicles are on the same side of the tendon |
| bipennate | fascicles are on both sides of a central tendon |
| multipennate | tendon within the pennate muscle branches |
| fulcrum | fixed point that levers move on with applied force to overcome a load |
| joints | fixed points that bones move on with muscular force to overcome a load |
| levers change (3) of AF | 1. direction 2. distance and speed of movement 3. affective strength |
| regardless of the lever class, mechanical advantage is best when the AF is ___ from the fulcrum than the load | farther |
| regardless of the lever class, mechanical advantage is worst when the AF is ___ to the load than the fulcrum | closer |
| first class lever | L-F-AF |
| first class lever example | keeping the neck up (splenius capitis and semispinalis capitis) |
| second class lever | F-L-AF |
| second class lever example | back of leg (gastrocnemius) |
| third class lever | F-AF-L |
| third class lever example | arm (biceps brachii) |
| not every muscle is a part of a ____ | lever system |
| effective force in increased at the expense of | speed and distance |
| speed and distance traveled are increased at the expense of | effected force |
| origin | less moveable end |
| insertion | closest to the body part being moved (moveable end) |
| if a muscle extends between a tendon and aponeurosis, the tendon is the ___ and the aponeurosis is the ___ | insertion, origin |
| intermuscular septa | deep fascia that separates adjacent muscles |
| tendinous inscription | joins muscle fibers to form long muscles |
| agonist | produces a movement |
| antagonist | works against that movement |
| agonists and antagonists are | functional opposites |
| synergist | helps agonist work, mostly at the beginning. adds extra pull or stability at the point of origin |
| fixator | type of synergist that assists the agonist by preventing joint movement elsewhere |
| anconc | elbow |
| auricular | ear |
| capitis | head |
| cutaenous | skin |
| glossal | tongue |
| nuchal | back of neck |
| oris | mouth |
| palpebra | eyelid |
| psoas | loin |
| tibial | shin |
| extrinsic | outside a structure (stabilizes an organ) |
| intrinsic | inside a structure (entirely inside an organ) |
| oblique | slanted |
| profundus | deep |
| rectus | straight |
| biceps | 2 heads |
| triceps | 3 heads |
| quadriceps | 4 heads |
| deltoid | triangle |
| orbicularis | circular |
| pectinate | comblike |
| piriformis | pear shaped |
| platysma | flat plane |
| serratus | serrated |
| splenius | bandage |
| teres | round and long |
| alba | white |
| brevis | short |
| gracilis | slender |
| latae | wide |
| latissimus | widest |
| longissimus | longest |
| longus | long |
| magnus | large |
| major | larger |
| maximus | largest |
| minimus | smallest |
| minor | smaller |
| vastus | great |
| abductor | away movement |
| adductor | towards movement |
| depressor | lowering movement |
| flexor | bending movement |
| extensor | straightening movement |
| levator | rising movement |
| pronator | pronating movement |
| supinator | supining movement |
| tensor | tensing movement |
| buccinator | trumpeter |
| risorius | laugher |
| sartorius | like a tailor |
| geneion | chin |
| plexus | branching network or braid of nerves, blood vessels, or lymphatic vessels |
| hernia | an organ protrudes abnormally through a muscular wall opening. |
| exercise causes blood vessels to | dilate |
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