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Research Methods
Midterm
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Scientific inquiry | Asking a question and then engaging in a process to determine the answer to that question systematically. |
| Scientific method | Is an approach to systematic (scientific inquiry) inquiry. |
| How many steps are in the scientific method? | 1. Identify a problem and further define that problem through background research. 2.Develop a specific hypothesis/question to investigate 3.Plan a set of procedures to test said hypothesis 4.Collect data 5.Analyze data 6. Hypothesis viable? Y/N? |
| Roles of research: Clinician-investigator | refers to a healthcare professional, whose primary responsibility is providing clinical services but who also engage in research in their profession. |
| Roles of research: Evidence-based practice | refers to an approach in which clinicians use the best available scientific evidence to guide their decisions about how to evaluate and treat persons with communication disorders. |
| Roles of research: Program evaluation research | refers to assessing the quality of a program against nationally recognized standards. |
| Roles of research: Cost-effectiveness | refers studying how a service or program impacts society with emphasis on effectiveness in positive outcomes. |
| Roles of research: Cost-benefit research | refers to the cost of a program or service relative to its impact on costs that occur later in life. |
| Types of research: Empirical | Branches into Quantitative or Qualitative metrics. |
| Types of research: Define the difference between quantitative vs qualitative research | Quantitative=quantity #s Qualitative=quality oral responses, logs, journals etc. |
| After determining you want to answer your research question quantitatively, you must decide between which two types of studies? | Experimental or Nonexperimental |
| Define the difference between experimental and nonexperimental studies. | It depends on how variables are manipulated. |
| Define experimental studies and their 2 defining criteria. | 1. The first is the researcher's creation of different conditions or experiences are manipulating one for more factors during the experiment. 2. conditions participants experience are determined randomly. |
| Define True Experimental vs Quasi-Experimental studies | True experimental studies have an element of randomization. Quasi-experimental studies lack random assignment to groups |
| Define an independent variable vs dependent variable | Independent variable (IV) = what the researcher changes or manipulates. Dependent variable (DV) = what the researcher measures to see whether it changes. |
| Ethical considerations: Informed consent is defined as... | participants (volunteers free from coercion) have the appropriate amount of information about the nature and the purpose of the research before they are asked to take part in it. Can revoke consent at any time. |
| Ethical considerations: Beneficence | It is the researcher's obligation to protect the well-being of the persons who participate in a study. |
| Ethical considerations: Justice | Relates to the need to make equitable decisions regarding who is invited to participate in research. |
| Ethical considerations: Special protections | Groups of individuals requiring special protections due to their increased vulnerabilities include: prisoners, children, pregnant women/their unborn children, persons with impaired consent capacity. |
| Ethical considerations: Historical perspective | This term stems from the need to protect research participants emerged largely in response to reported instances of mistreatment or sexploitation of persons in the conduct of scientific research. |
| The Tuskegee syphilis Study violated which principle by withholding information about possible treatment at the beginning of the study ? | Beneficence |
| The Willowbrook research violated which principle(s) by purposefully injecting a strain of hepatitis into the children at their facility? | Beneficene |
| Parents wanting to enroll their child in the Willowbrook facility were told if they allowed their child to receive the 'vaccine' they would receive priority placement on the waitlist. Which principle(s) where violated? | Coercion, beneficence and justice |
| What is the purpose of Institutional Review Boards? | The role of the IRB is to evaluate proposed studies before the researchers begin collecting data. |
| Define research integrity | Related to attitudes, behaviors and values associated with the responsible conduct of research |
| What are some areas to watch out for when providing research with integrity? | Avoiding conflict of interest, ensuring credit for intellectual effort, attribution of ideas must be credited, accuracy in reporting , data management, confidentiality and privacy and health insurance portability and accountability act HIPAA. |
| Research questions: What can you do to extend research in directions? | change the population studied, change the method, consistency or independent variable used in previous studies |
| Research questions: Explain the difference between a null hypothesis (H0) and a research hypothesis (H1) | There is no significant effect, difference, or relationship. (H0) There is a significant effect, difference, or relationship. Think: Something is happening. |
| Research questions: Explain a directional hypothesis | Predicts which way the results will go. Research predicts HOW one variable will affect another. Clue words: more, less, higher, lower, better, worse. |
| Research questions: Explain a nondirectional hypothesis | Predicts a difference or relationship, but not its direction. The researcher expects a change but does not predict which group will do better. Clue words: different, a difference, an effect (without specifying direction). |
| Research questions: Define a statement of purpose | Similar to a hypothesis but is highly dependent on the type of study being conducted. Descriptive studies are more likely to use this than a formal hypotheses. |
| Research questions: Define evidence-based practice questions | Questions that are examined based on currently available research to support a clinical question/observation. |
| Research questions: What are the 3 components of EBP questions? | 1. use of best available research 2. clinical expertise 3. clients values and preferences |
| Research questions: What is the criteria for well-formed questions? | PICO! |
| Research questions: What does PICO stand for? | Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome |
| Research questions: What is the difference between validity and reliability? | Validity is the accuracy and reliability is the consistency of a study. |
| Research questions: Define operationalize | Operationalize = define exactly how you will measure something. In research, operationalizing a variable means turning an abstract concept into something specific and measurable. |
| Face validity | Does the test appear to measure what it claims to measure? SLP example: A vocabulary test contains vocabulary questions that look appropriate for measuring vocabulary. Remember: Face = what it looks like on the surface. |
| Content validity | Covers everything? Does the test adequately cover all the important parts of the skill or concept being measured? |
| Criterion validity | Compared with a standard? How well do test results relate to an established measure or meaningful external outcome (the criterion)? |
| Concurrent validity | Same time A type of criterion validity. The new test is compared with an established measure collected at approximately the same time. |
| Predicative validity | Future A type of criterion validity. Test results predict a future outcome. |
| Construct validity | Measuring the concept? Does the test genuinely measure the underlying theoretical concept (construct) it is intended to measure? |
| Convergence | Measures that should be related actually show a relationship. Example: A new vocabulary test correlates strongly with another established vocabulary assessment. |
| Divergent | Measures that should be different do not show an unnecessarily strong relationship. |
| Reliability concepts: Define interobserver reliability | Same subject, different observers Question: Do different people observing the same thing agree? |
| Reliability concepts: Define Test-retest reliability | Same test, different times Question: Does the test produce consistent results when administered again? |
| Reliability concepts: Define Parallel forms reliability | Different versions, same skill Question: Do two equivalent versions of a test produce similar results? |
| Reliability concepts: Split-half reliability | Definition: Measures whether two halves of the same test produce consistent results. Question to ask: Do both halves of this test measure the skill consistently? |
| Nonexperimental Research Design concepts: Survey research | questions, phone call surveys etc. |
| Nonexperimental Research Design concepts: Case studies | a review of 1 person or one situtaion |
| Nonexperimental Research Design concepts: Longitudinal research | Cohort studies that look at affects over time. |
| Correlation is not ________________ | causation |
| Define correlation | Correlation = how two variables are related. |
| Define Regression | Regression = using one or more variables to predict another variable. |
| Define Group comparisons | Definition: Research that compares two or more groups to determine whether they differ on a particular variable or outcome. |
| Define Casual-comparative research | Definition: Research that compares groups that already differ in some way to investigate possible explanations for an observed difference, without manipulating the independent variable. |
| Define Qualitative research | Definition: Research that explores people's experiences, perspectives, meanings, or behaviors using primarily nonnumerical data. |
| Ethnography | Ethnography: Studies a group's culture, practices, and shared behaviors. |
| Grounded Theory | Grounded theory: Develops a theory from systematically collected and analyzed data. |
| Phenomenology | Definition: A type of qualitative research that explores people's lived experiences of a particular phenomenon or situation. The key question is: What is it like to experience this? |
| Conversation analysis | Definition: A qualitative research method that examines how people communicate and interact with one another during real conversations. The key question is: How do people use language and interaction to communicate with each other? |
| Scientific rigor in qualitative research | Definition: Scientific rigor means using careful, systematic, and transparent methods to make qualitative research findings trustworthy and credible. In simple terms: How do we know the research findings are trustworthy? |
| Researcher bias | Definition: Researcher bias occurs when a researcher's beliefs, expectations, opinions, or personal experiences influence how they design a study, collect data, interpret findings, or report results. |
| You can reduce research bias by using Reflexivity | Reflexivity: Examine and acknowledge personal beliefs and assumptions. |
| Negative case sampling | Definition: In qualitative research, negative case sampling means deliberately looking for participants, examples, or findings that contradict the pattern or explanation the researcher has identified. Simple version: Look for evidence that doesn't fit. |
| Researcher triangulation | Definition: Researcher triangulation occurs when two or more researchers independently examine the same data or phenomenon to compare interpretations and reduce the influence of individual researcher bias. |
| Decriptive adequacy | Definition: Descriptive adequacy means that a qualitative researcher's account of the data accurately and sufficiently represents what participants said, did, or experienced. Simple version: Did the researcher describe what actually happened accurately a |
| Prolonged engagement | Definition: Prolonged engagement means spending sufficient time with participants or in a research setting to develop trust, understand the context, and gain a deeper understanding of the phenomenon being studied. |
| Methods triangulation | Definition: Methodological triangulation means using two or more research methods to study the same phenomenon, helping researchers develop a more complete understanding of it. |
| Data triangulation | Definition: Data triangulation means using different data sources to study the same phenomenon and see whether the findings are supported across those sources. |
| Thick description | Definition: A detailed, rich description of participants, behaviors, experiences, and the context in which they occur, so readers can understand the meaning of what happened. |
| Interpretive adequacy | Definition: How well a qualitative researcher interprets the meaning of participants’ experiences, behaviors, or words accurately and fairly. |
| Participant feedback | Definition: Asking research participants to review or respond to the researcher's interpretations, summaries, or findings to help determine whether they accurately reflect the participants’ experiences. |
| You got this! | Yes, yes I do! |
| What is the first step in the scientific method? | 1. Identify a problem and further define that problem through background research. |
| What phrase refers to the use of scientific evidence to guide clinical decisions? A. systematic inquiry b. hypothesis testing c. evidence-based practice d. single subject research | C. evidence based practice |
| Define cost-effectiveness research. | refers studying how a service or program impacts society with emphasis on effectiveness in positive outcomes. |
| Which statement is true? a. Empirical research involves the collection of new information through observation and measurement. b. Empirical research involves a systematic review of existing information identified through a literature search. | A |
| In _________________ research, data often include verbal information such as a detailed description of behavior or a direct quote. | qualitative research |
| What are the two characteristics of a true experiment? | Manipulation of the independent variable (IV): The researcher actively introduces or changes a treatment or condition. Random assignment: Participants are randomly assigned to groups, such as a treatment group and a control group. |
| Match the following terms: independent variable dependent variable true experiment a. outcome measure b. random assignment c. experimental manipulation | Independent variable>C experimental manipulation Dependent variable> A. outcome measure True experiment> B random assignment |
| What kind of research includes case studies, surveys, studies of correlation between measures, or studies of pre-existing differences? | Nonexperimental research |
| Is this statement true? 1. Single subject research is descriptive research in which a researcher provides a detailed report on the characteristics of an individual participant. | False Why? Single-subject research systematically measures an individual's behavior or performance across conditions or over time, often to evaluate the effects of an intervention. |
| When reading a research report, where are you most likely to find the research questions or statement of purpose? | The Introduction section |
| Is this statement true? Some of the skills associated with the diagnosis and treatment of communication disorders are similar to the skills required to conduct scientific research. | TRUE |
| What are the three basic principles of protection of human research participants identified in the Belmont Report? | Respect for Persons — Treat individuals as autonomous and protect those with diminished autonomy. Includes informed consent. Beneficence — Maximize possible benefits and minimize possible harms to participants. Justice — Ensure the benefits and burdens of |
| Given the concerns about protecting the well-being of person who participate in research, why do governmental agencies, professional organizations and universities encourage research endeavors? | Because research advances scientific knowledge and improves the quality of clinical care, despite the risks involved. |
| Which of the principles of protection of human participants means researchers need to make equitable decisions regarding who is invited to participate in research? | Justice |
| Identify two groups of research participants who receive special protections under the federal law. | Prisoners, children, pregnant women and people with the inability to consent |
| Provide an example of coercive or undue influence in recruiting participants for a research study. | An SLP professor recruits students from her own class to participate in a research study and tells them that participating will improve their grades, or implies that students who refuse may receive less favorable treatment. |
| Provide an example of a violation of the principle of beneficence in the conduct of a research study. | Example: A researcher tests a new dysphagia treatment on patients but fails to assess their aspiration risk or monitor them for adverse effects. As a result, a participant aspirates and develops aspiration pneumonia. |
| What are two reasons why present day researchers feel that the Tudor 1939 study at the University of Iowa violated principles of human participation protection? | The Tudor study violated modern principles of human-participant protection because of inadequate informed consent and the risk of psychological harm to vulnerable child participants. |
| ____________ credit for intellectual effort | citing a source |
| ___________attribution of ideas | Credit for authorship |
| ____________ conflict of interest | having more than one role |
Created by:
FutureSLP