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AP World Chapter 7
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Protestant Reformation | Massive schism in Christianity beginning with Martin Luther's criticism in 1517, challenged church authority, endorsed salvation by faith alone; led to a variety of social, political, and economic tensions |
| Martin Luther | 1483-1546, German priest who issued the 95 Theses and began the Protestant Reformation with his public criticism of the Catholic Church's theology and practice |
| Thirty Years' War | Catholic-Protestant struggle from 1618-1648, result of European religious conflict, brought to an end by the Peace of Westphalia and an agreement that each state was sovereign and authorized to control religious affairs within its own territory |
| Counter Reformation | An internal reform of the Catholic Church in the 16th century stimulated in part by the Protestant Reformation; at the Council of Trent (1545-1563), leaders clarified doctrine, corrected abuses & corruption, and put emphasis on education & accountability |
| Taki Onqoy | Religious revival movement in central Peru in the 1560s whose members preached the imminent destruction of Christianity and of the Europeans and the restoration of an imagined Andean golden age |
| Jesuits in China | Missionaries from 1550-1800 inspired by the work of Matteo Ricci; sought to understand and become integrated into Chinese culture as part of their efforts to convert the Chinese elite, limited success |
| Wahhabi Islam | Major Islamic movement led by the Muslim theologian Muhammad Ibn al-Wahhab, 1703-1792, that advanced an austere lifestyle and strict adherence to Islamic law, became an expansive state in central Arabia |
| Wang Yangming | Influential Ming thinker, 1472-1529, who argued that anyone could achieve a virtuous life by introspection and contemplation without the extended education and study of traditional Confucianism |
| kaozheng | Chinese intellectual movement critical of conventional Confucian philosophy and instead emphasized the importance of evidence and analysis, applied especially to historical documents |
| The Dream of the Red Chamber | Book written by Cao Xuequin that explores the life of an elite family with connections to the court; it was the most famous popular novel of mid-18th century China |
| Mirabai | 1498-1547, one of India's most beloved bhakti poets, she transgressed the barriers of caste and tradition |
| Sikhism | Religious tradition of northern India founded by Guru Nanak (1469-1539); combines elements of Hinduism and Islam and proclaims the brotherhood of all humans and the equality of men and women |
| Scientific Revolution | The intellectual and cultural transformation between the mid-16th to early 18th centuries in Europe; relied on knowledge acquired through rational inquiry based on evidence rather than the authority of religion or tradition |
| Nicolaus Copernicus | Polish mathematician and astronomer who was the first to argue in 1543 for the existence of a sun-centered universe, helping to spark the Scientific Revolution |
| Galileo | 1564-1642, Italian scientist who developed an improved telescope in 1609 with which he made many observations that undermined established understandings of the cosmos |
| Isaac Newton | 1642-1727, English scientist whose formulation of the laws of motion and mechanics is regarded as the culmination of the Scientific Revolution |
| European Enlightenment | European intellectual movement of the 18th century that applied the principles of the Scientific Revolution to human affairs and was noted for its commitment to open-mindedness and inquiry and the belief that knowledge could transform society |
| Voltaire | The pen name of Francois-Marie Arouet, 1694-1778, French writer whose work is often taken as a model of the Enlightenment's outlook, noted for his deism and criticism of traditional religion |
| Condorcet | French philosopher who argued that society was moving into an era of near-infinite improvability and could be perfected by human reason |
Created by:
Mrs. Marquardt