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BIO 202 Exam 2
12-14
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| catabolic pathways | release stored energy by breaking down complex molecules |
| aerobic respiration | consumes organiz molecules and oxygen and yields ATP |
| cellular respiration formula | C6H12O6 +6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy |
| redox reatcions | transfer electrons between reactants |
| oxidation | in redox reactions, loss of electrons from a substance |
| reduction | in redox reactions, addition of electrons in a substance (charge is reduced) |
| reducing agents | the electron donor, acceptor is reduced |
| oxidizing agent | the electron acceptor, donor is oxidzed |
| nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) | coenzyme electron carrier, oxidizing agent, reduces to NADH, stored energy is used to synthesize ATP |
| dehydrogenases | enzymes that remove a pair of 4 atoms from the substrate (2 electrons, 2 protons), add 2 electrons and 1 proton to NAD+ to form NADH, left over proton is released as H+ |
| steps of cellular respiration | glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation/citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation |
| electron transport chain | used to transfer electrons in several stes so as not to release and explosive reaction |
| energy investment | 1st phase of glycolysis, 2 ATP used to split glucose into 2 3 carbon sugars |
| energy payoff | 2nd phase of glycolysis, 4 ATP synthesized, 2 NAD+ reduced, glucose oxidized to pyruvate and 2H2O |
| substrate level phosphorylation | some ATP formed during glycolysis and citric acid cycle, occurs when enzyme transfers phosphate directly from substrate to ADP, net 2 ATP formed |
| pyruvate oxidation | pyruvate converted into acetyl CoA, 3 reactions --> removes carboxyl group as CO2, oxidizes remaining 2 carbon, transfers acetyl to CoA, NAD+ reduced to NADH |
| citric acid cycle/krebs cycle | oxidizes organic fuel derived from pyruvate, generates 1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1FADH per cycle, cycle twice per glucose |
| 8 steps of krebs cycle | oxaloacetate, citrate, isocitrate, ketoglutenate, succinyl CoA, succinate, fumarate, malate |
| cytochromes | proteins with heme groups containing an iron atom, electrons pass through these carrier molecules |
| chemiosmosis | use of energy in a H+ gradient to drive cellular work |
| energy flow for krebs cycle | glucose -> NADH --> ETC --> protein motive force --> ATP |
| oxidative phosphorylation | generates 90% of ATP, powered by redox reactions, maintaining H+ gradient uses redox reactions energy of ETC for ATP synthesis |
| fermentation | no use of ETC, organic molecule accepts electrons and regenrates NAD+, extension of glycolysis that oxidizes NADH, net gain 2 ATP |
| alcoholic fermentation | pyruvate converted to ethanol, CO2 released from pyruvate, NAD+ and ethanol produced |
| lactic acid fermentation | pyruvate reduced directly by NADH to form lactate and NAD+, no release of CO2 |
| obligate aerobes | require oxygen to survive and generate ATP trhough aerobic respiration |
| obligate anaerobes | cannot tolerate significant oxygen exposure, do not use O2 for energy, rely on fermentation and anaerobic respiration |
| aerotolerant anaerobes | dont use oxygen but can tolerate its presence |
| faculative anaerobes | can grow with or without oxygen, use O2 when available, switch when unavailable |
| beta oxidation | breaks down fatty acids into acetyl CoA, NADH, FADH2 |
| feedback inhibition | metabolic control, prevents wasteful production |
| photosynthesis | process that converts solar energy into chemical energy within chloroplasts |
| atutotrophs | "self feeders", sustain themselves with out eating anything from other organisms, producers of the biosphere |
| photoautotrophs | organisms that use sunlight to sustain themselves and make energy (plants, algae, cyanobacteria) |
| heterotrophs | consumers, organisms that obtain organic materials from other organisms (also decomposers) |
| chloroplasts | in plant cells, similar to photosynthetic bacteria, photosynthesis occurs here |
| stoma | microscopic pores in leaves, enters and exits CO2 and O2 |
| thylakoid | 3rd membrane within a chloroplast, stacked in columns called grana |
| chlorophyll | green pigment in leaves, found in thylakoid membrane |
| photosynthesis equation | 6CO2 + 12H2O + light energy --> C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O |
| 2 stages of photosynthesis | light reactions, calvin cycle |
| light reactions | in thylakoids, splits H2O, releases O2, reduces NAD+ to NADH, generates ATP from ADP via phosphorylation |
| calvin cycle | in the storm, carbon fixation, puts CO2 into organic molecules, reduces carbon to carbs to transfer electrons to NADPH |
| wavelength | the distace between the crests of electromagnetic waves |
| pigments | substances that absorb visible light, reflect opposite light |
| photosystem | reaction center complex surrounded by light harvesting complexes |
| reaction center complex | association of proteins with special pairs of chrlophyll a molecules and an electron acceptor |
| light harvesting complex | pigment molecules bond to proteins, transfer energy of photons to chlorphyll a molecules n reaction center complex |
| linear electron flow | involves PSII and PSI, produces ATP and NADPH |
| cyclic electron flow | involves PSI, produces ATP but no NADPH or oxygen |
| stages of the calvin cycle | carbon fixation, reduction, regeneration |
| carbon fixation | CO2 added to organic molecules to ake 3 carbon compounds |
| reduction | ATP provides energy and ADPH provides electrons to convert compounds from carbon fixatoin into g3P |
| regeneration | g3P remains in cycle to regenerate CO2 acceptor so cycle continues |
| g3p | 3 carbon sugar phosphate used to build glucose and organic molecules |
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