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BIO 202 Exam 2
10-11
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| quorum sensing | bacteria estimating a local population density |
| biofilm | aggregation of bacterial cells adhered to a surface |
| local signaling | animal cells communicate vis direct contact, signaling substances can pass through |
| paracrine signaling | a type of local signaling, secreted messenger molecules travel short distances for communication |
| synaptic signaling | occurs in animal nervous system, neurotransmitters released in response to electrical signals |
| hormonal signaling in animals | hormones released, travel to target cells via circulatory system |
| signal reception | signaling molecule binds tos pecific receptor on or in target cells |
| signal transduction | binding of signaling molecule alters the receptor and initiates a signal transudtcion pathway |
| cellular response | transducted signal triggers specific responses in a target cell |
| ligand | ion, atom, or molecule that binds to a target molecule to trigger a response |
| 3 main protein receptors | G protein couples receptor, receptor tryosine kinase, ligand gates ion channel receptor |
| g protein couples receptor | largest family of surface cell receptors, need help from a g protein |
| g protein | bind to GTP, inactiev when bound to GDP, molecular switches, convert GTP to GDP and Pi through hydrolysis |
| receptor tyrosine kinases | membrane receptors whose intracellular kinase domains phosphorylate tryosine residues, including tryosines on receptors, can trigger multiple signal transudction pathways at once |
| kinase | enzyme that catalyzes transfer of phosphate from ATP to their substrates, phosphorylation occurs on tryosine, serine, or threonine residues |
| ligand gated ion channel | gate, opens and closes when receptor changes shape, signal molecule binds to receptor, opens channel, allows specific ions through |
| intracellular receptor proteins | found in cytoplasm or nucleus of target molecules, small hydrophobic signaling molecules can cross membrane and bind to turn on or off specific genes |
| protein phosphates | rapidly remove phosphates from proteins (dephosphorylation) |
| second messengers | small, nonprotein molecules/ions that spread through a cell via diffusion, participate in pathways initiated by GPCRs and RTKs (ex. cAMP, calcium ions) |
| cylic AMP | small molecules produced from ATP, second messenger, activates protein kinase A |
| components of cAMP | G proteins, GPCRs, protein kinases |
| adenylyl cyclase | enzyme in plasma membrane, converts ATP to cAMP |
| Ca2+ | very common second messengers bc of very low levels, so small changes create big percentage differences, need IP3 and DAG to be released |
| signal amplification | enzyme cascades amplify a cell's response to the signal, activated product often increases after every step |
| scaffolding protein | large relay proteins attached to other relay proteins, increase signal transduction |
| apoptosis | programmed cell death, parts of cell are chopped up and packagesinto vesicles to be digested, prevents enzymes from leaking from dead cell to surrounding cells |
| Ce d-9 protein | in worms, blocks apoptosis until death signal in received |
| epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) | type of RTK, normally present in cells, only activated when EGF present, mutations found in lung cancer |
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