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psyc 602
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| According to evolutionary perspectives on human mating preferences, facial and body symmetry is considered attractive because it serves as a reliable indicator of: | Genetic quality |
| Why do smartphone notifications trigger a stress response when the phone is removed from the user? | Our brains evolved to treat incoming information (in any form) as potentially life-or-death information. When access to this information is removed, it can feel like a threat. |
| Why are females historically known to be more selective when selecting a mate compared to males selecting a mate? | Females face a significantly higher biological investment per offspring (9 months of gestation, risks of childbirth, and nursing) |
| How did the rapid evolution of COVID-19 illustrate the principles of natural selection as discussed in class? | Viruses that made hosts cough and sneeze (keeping the host alive to spread the virus) were more successful than those that killed their hosts quickly |
| ____ prepares an individual to respond to an immediate threat. _____ encourages vigilance and preparation for potential threats in the future. | Fear; Anxiety |
| Why is the idea that gossip benefits humans evolutionary by promoting cooperation incomplete in explaining the evolutionary advantage of gossip? | It doesn't explain how the 'gossipers' gain an evolutionary advantage |
| In the balance model, why may a larger sexual signal fail to indicate better health? | An animal in poor condition may increase it's display as a final effort to reproduce before dying. |
| A person experiences a strong 'fear of missing out' when excluded from an online group. Exclusion from this online group does not pose a survival threat. What is the explanation for this? | Sensitivity to exclusion persists from evolutionary settings where groups were essential for survival. |
| A peacock's tail makes it more vulnerable to predators. Still, this trait persists through evolution. Why? | The reproductive benefits can outweigh the survival costs. |
| How might social media make it easier for humans to use dishonest signals to appear more attractive or successful to others? | People can edit photos and present an idealized version of themselves without necessarily paying the costs that would make the signal honest. |
| Which of the following values is not included within the ethics of community? | Holiness |
| How could evolutionary mismatch help explain why people sometimes struggle with habits that are common in modern society, such as constantly checking social media? | Psychological mechanisms that developed in earlier environments may respond to modern sources of attention and reward in ways that are not always beneficial. |
| The ethic of divinity pertains to a sense of exalted _ and _, which is opposed to a sense of _ and _. | Purity and holiness, contamination and defilement |
| Imagine a student hears that someone in their friend group has been unreliable when working on group projects. They use that information to decide whether to work with that person. How could this relate to the evolutionary perspective on gossip? | Sharing information about someone's reputation can help people decide whom to trust and cooperate with. |
| How could buying expensive clothes or shoes be connected to evolutionary psychology, beyond simply wanting something nice to wear? | These purchases can communicate wealth or social status to others, potentially influencing how a person is perceived. |
| The ethic of autonomy pertains to an individual’s _ and _. | Rights and interests |
| What of the following is incorrect about genes? | Genes MAKE the proteins, while ribosomes specify the formula for proteins. |
| Which of these is NOT included in Mendel’s Model of Heredity? | Pairs of genes can dilute and change each other permanently. |
| What does Pinker's discussion of "moral dumbfounding" illustrate? | People may strongly judge an action as wrong while struggling to explain why |
| Which observation challenges the idea that laughter occurs only in response to humor? | People lugs more intensely at jokes told by close friends than by strangers |
| Why might a sick animal sometimes increase its mating display rather than reduce it? | Limited prospects for future survival may favor greater investments in immediate reproduction |
| According to the balance model of honest sexual signaling, what does "balanced investment" mean? | Individuals allocate resources between mating success and viability according to their contributions to fitness. |
| According to de Waal, what is "Beethoven error"? | Assuming that a competitive evolutionary process must produce exclusively selfish behavior. |
| Which of the following best describes reciprocal altruism? | Helping an unrelated individual with the expectation that the favor will be returned in the future. |
| How does natural selection contribute to evolution? | It makes helpful inherited traits more common in a population over time. |
| Why do people often find the Wason selection task difficult? | They struggle to identify the cards that could disprove a given rule. |
| Which of the following best explains why Theory of Mind (ToM) is important in social interactions? | It allows individuals to understand and predict others’ thoughts and behaviors, helping them communicate and cooperate. |
| Which of the following best describes homologous structures? | Structures in different species that have similar underlying anatomy because they evolved from a common ancestor |
| Why might someone feel more afraid of a plane crash than driving a car, even though driving is a more common source of danger? | People may be more sensitive to threats that feel vivid, frightening, or difficult to control rather than judging risk based only on how likely something is to happen. |
| What is the significance of the quote "scratch an altruist and watch a hypocrite bleed"? | it suggests that people who appear selfless may actually have subconscious selfish motives |
| How might a traditional psychologist vs. evolutionary psychologist approach studying gossiping? | a traditional psychologist might want to study how gossiping affects social relationships and trust but an evolutionary psychologist would be more interested in how gossiping acts as a strategy for cooperation |
| How do bonobos and chimpanzees resolve conflict? | bonobos resolve conflict with affection and sex, chimpanzees resolve conflict with aggression and violence |
| What does Harari believe sets humans apart from bees and ants? | humans can have flexible social roles |
| What is one possible evolutionary benefit of sensory adaptation? | it lets us pay less attention to constant stimulation and notice new changes in the environment |
| Why might our senses focus more on information that helps us react to our surroundings instead of giving us a detailed image of everything around us? | because perception is useful for guiding behavior and helping us respond to the environment |
| Why might humans prefer sweet and fatty foods even though eating too much of them can be harmful today? | preferences that were useful when high calorie foods were rare may not be as beneficial in the modern environment |
| Which example best represents reciprocal altruism? | 2 unrelated people helping each other with the expectation that the favor might be eventually returned |
| Which concept explains why someone might behave in a way that helps a relative survive and reproduce, even if that behavior might come at a cost to the person? | kin selection |
| Which statement best reflects the Darwinian view of natural selection, as described in the reading group 3 article? | It favors traits that maximize gene propagation, so a trait that lowers survival can still evolve if it boosts reproduction enough |
| According to class discussions of empathy, empathy is best described as which combination? | Theory of mind + knowing how someone else is feeling |
| What are some tactics that could help an individual retain their mate? | mate guarding |
| What are some tactics that could help an individual retain their mate? | the naturalistic fallacy |
| According to our discussion about morals, how do they relate to motivations and emotions? | Morals contribute to our motivations by signaling, through emotion, whether something is helping or hindering our goals |
| Which definition most closely matches the handicapping principle? | Showing off your genetic fitness by doing things that are dangerous |
| Which of the following is the most accurate definition of vestigial structures? | Structures that are no longer used, but have not been phased out by evolution |
| Near the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in England, coal burning produced soot that covered many areas in a dark black color that were originally white. The moths were originally light-colored for camouflage. What happened to the moths? | Evolution selected for moths with dark colors to blend into the soot-covered landscape |
| What was the main idea of Jean Pierre Lamark discussed in this course? | Organisms can change their traits over their lifetime, and can pass them on to offspring |
| Which of the following is a PRE-Darwin belief | The Earth is only a few thousand years old |
| In one class, most of us struggled with the task of drawing a bicycle from memory even though we see them every day. What does this tell us about human evolution? | We may tend to prioritize helpful information over small details |
| Which statement is most consistent with evolutionary psychology? | Some psychological tendencies may reflect adaptations to ancestral problems, but this does not mean behavior is entirely genetically determined |
| What does evolutionary psychology mean by genetic determinism as a misconception? | The mistaken idea that genes completely determine behavior |
| How does kin selection relate to the selfish gene theory? | Helping relatives can increase the chances that shared genes survive. |
| What is sexual selection primarily concerned with? | The ability to attract mates and reproduce |
| According to Darwin’s theory of natural selection, which individuals are more likely to pass their traits to future generations? | Individuals whose traits increase survival and reproductive success. |
| What is the key mechanism of natural selection? | Differential Reproductive Success |
| What was a Pre-Darwin Belief? | The planet and the species that inhabited it had not changed since the beginning of time. |
| Who originally proposed the idea of the Theory of Mind? | Premack & Woodruff |
| What are the two forms of sexual selection? | Competition and preference for a mate |
| Which answer choice best describes the idea of Inclusive Fitness | The possibility that biological selection not only applies to the most fit individuals, but is selected because they enhance the overall fitness of related individuals. |
| Which traits have been developed due to sexual selection in males? | Males have developed more aggressive traits, sharper teeth, horns, antlers, and other physical traits to compete for the attention of females. |
| According to the idea of the Environment of Evolutionary Adaptedness (EEA), why might humans have developed a taste for sweet and fatty foods? | These foods gave valuable energy in ancestral environments, where food sources was unpredictable |
| Which of these is the best example of reciprocal altruism? | Someone helps an unrelated person, expecting that person to return the favor later when needed |
| According to the handicap hypothesis, why might an animal develop an expensive or risky mating display? | Costly displays can show potential mates that the animal is fit and high quality |
| In the Wason selection task, why do people usually do better on social contract problems than on pure logic problems? | Social contract problems have a familiar social setting, so it’s easier to spot cheating |
| Based on the reading about gossip, when do gossipers gain an evolutionary advantage? | When people start treating gossipers differently because they’re worried about hurting their own reputation |
| What is the main difference between runaway selection and good genes selection as explanations for physical attractiveness? | What is the main difference between runaway selection and good genes selection as explanations for physical attractiveness? |
| Why might cruelty sometimes depend on empathy or theory of mind? | Understanding another person's emotions and perspective can help someone predict how to hurt them. |
| Which is the strongest evolutionary question to ask when considering the existence of depression? | What evolutionary functions might some depression-related responses have had, and why might severe or persistent symptoms still occur? |
| Which statement best reflects the idea that anxiety is a future-oriented illness? | Anxiety often involves anticipating and mentally rehearsing possible future threats. |
| A student notices that their phone’s bright colors, notification sounds, and vibrations repeatedly draw their attention. Which evolutionary concept best explains why these features may be especially engaging? | Sensitivity to novel stimulation and environmental changes |
| A student notices that they are more likely to volunteer or help others when their classmates are watching compared to when they are alone. Which evolutionary psychological explanation best accounts for this difference in behavior? | Humans may be psychologically sensitive to social evaluation because maintaining a positive reputation can promote cooperation and social acceptance |
| Two individuals experience jealousy after discovering that their romantic partners have been communicating with potential alternative partners. Why might jealousy have evolved as a psychological response? | Jealousy may function as a response to perceived threats to a valued relationship, motivating behaviors intended to protect the relationship |
| A person feels guilty after secretly betraying a close friend, even though nobody else knows about the betrayal. what is one possible explanation for why humans experience guilt in such a scenario? | Guilt may motivate individuals to repair social relationships and discourage behaviors that threaten cooperation and trust |
| How might someone with strong Machiavellian traits behave during a college group project? | Using charm and manipulation to gain influence and achieve their own goals |
| When working on a group project, which example best demonstrates Theory of Mind (ToM)? | Recognizing that a classmate is confused and explaining the assignment differently |
| The theory of Kin Selection suggests that you would help which person... | Your brother who was being bullied at school |
| Men have an evolutionary preference of women with a waist-to-hip ratio of | 0.7 |
| According to Yuval Noah Harari’s TED Talk, what is the main reason humans have been able to dominate the planet? | Humans can believe in shared stories and imagined realities that allow large groups to cooperate |
| According to the handicap principle, why might some women find bad boys attractive? | Because risky or rebellious behavior can signal desirable qualities, such as confidence or strength, that may increase mate attraction despite potential survival costs. |
| We optimally evolve to our current environment. | false |
| The idea that biological selection may not only apply to the most fit individuals, but may be selected because they enhance the overall fitness of related individuals is known as? | inclusive fitness |
| According to the evolutionary perspective discussed in class, what is the proposed order of a man's reproductive and family priorities? | 1. Children 2. Wife 3. Mother |
| What evidence supports the idea that modern humans originated in Africa? | Fossil evidence and DNA analysis tracing human origins and migration back to Africa. |
| What are the three spheres of morality according to Pinker? | Autonomy, community, divinity |
| What did the discovery of Lucy in 1974 help prove about early hominids? | Hominids were walking upright at least 3.2 million years ago. |
| What would be an evolutionary reason explaining why someone would hate Duke after going to UNC as a student? | Community/tribal connections |
| Which of the following contain the correct evidence for common ancestry? | homologous structures, embryo development, vestigial organs, fossil evidence |
| Which of the following is not a factor that comes into play when we select a mate? | Want company |
| What is the Great Chain of Being? | The idea that life forms can be ordered in a ladder of complexity and sophistication |
| What is the Selfish Gene Theory? | From the fittest individual to the fittest gene |
| Based on the G&McB reading, the generation time of humans, the time from birth to reproduction, is roughly how many years? | 20 years |
| What is the definition of the naturalistic fallacy? | It is the mistaken idea that an evolutionary approach excuses many of the evils in society on the basis that they are “natural” |
| We look for the most sexually attractive mate because... | their genes will be best for producing viable and strong offspring |
| What is a phenotypic difference between Bonobos and Chimpanzees? | Bonobos are more peaceful and less prone to aggressive behavior |
| What is an example of sexual selection? | bugs without camouflage being easy to find |
| Culture and genes play a role in adaptation by helping us adapt and putting us in environments where adaptation is needed | true |
| The theory that organisms today developed from simpler life forms and have changed over time. | Evolution |
| According to the evolutionary theory, do men and women seek the same characteristics in a mate? | No, men and women have different reproductive costs |
| This mechanism is designed to procure a mate for a short period of time. | Short term mating |
| This occurs when members of the same sex compete with each other for access to members of the opposite sex. | Intrasexual selection |
| Which of the following emotions is NOT a self-conscious emotion? | Joy |
| Why is playing hard to get a successful mating strategy? | Pretending to be unavailable makes a partner more attractive and desirable. |
| How can collective learning describe evolutionary development? | It describes the ability of humans to learn from the previous generation adding onto their knowledge. |
| What trait below is NOT characteristic of psychopaths? | remorse |
| If a tree falls in a forest with nobody around, does it make a sound? | No, all sounds are human creations so sound is not present without the brains interpretation |
| Which of the following is not considered a sphere of morality according to Pinker? | Dignity |
| What is the Environment of Evolutionary Adaptedness (EAA)? | The presumed environment in which hominid ancestors lived for about 7 million years |
| What evidence does NOT support evolution? | evolving from chimpanzees |
| Which best explains what vestigial organs are? | Vestigial organs are traits inherited from ancestors that have lost most or all of their original function through evolution. |
| Why are humans evolutionarily driven to protect their future possibility of reproducing? | To increase the likelihood of survival and reproduction success, allowing individuals to pass their genes on to future generations. |
| Why might gossip be evolutionarily beneficial? | . It allows individuals to spread information about other, identify trustworthy individuals, and avoid potential cheaters or threats within a social group. |
| What typically happens when a moral code is broken? | The individual may experience social disapproval, embarrassment, guilt, or punishment from others for violating shared moral expectations. |
| Which best describes the reciprocal altruism theory proposed by Robert Trivers? | An organism temporarily reduces its own fitness to help an unrelated individual with the expectation of future repayment or a returned favor. |
| Why might people feel embarrassed when they make a mistake in front of a group? | Embarrassment may help people show they recognize their mistake and care about how others see them |
| Why might humans be naturally curious about things they have never experienced before? | Curiosity may have helped our ancestors discover new resources and learn about their surroundings |
| Why might people feel guilty after doing something that hurts someone else? | Guilt may encourage people to fix their mistakes and maintain relationships with others |
| What are the three realms of morality? | autonomy, community, divinity |
| Why is the description of "shameless" considered a bad thing? | a person who violates moral code and doesn't feel any shame seem dangerous |
| Which is not true about cheater punishment? | It is unique to humans |
| What is the selfishness deterrence function of gossip? | People might be more likely to try to get on the good side of a gossip because it could help their reputation |
| What is the main idea of Fisher's runaway sexual selection? | Preferences and preferred heritable traits will reinforce each other throughout generations |
| Why is reputation dissemination not good enough to explain the evolution of gossip? | Gossip can still be beneficial to a group without benefiting a specific individual |
| Which is not one of Steven Pinker's three spheres of morality? | emotions |
| According to Barber what might a relatively low female waist to hip ratio signal? | A high estrogen to testosterone ratio |
| How is human behavior determined based on the Standard Social Science Model? | Our culture, learning, and different experiences |
| Which of the following is NOT a moral emotion? | disgust |
| Why might gossip be beneficial? | Gossip can be beneficial to warn people of danger |
| Emotions are our human response to whether or not our goals are... | Met or hindered |
| According to the Wason selection task, why were participants more successful at solving the social contract problem than the one based on pure logic? | The human brain may have specialized cognitive mechanisms that allow for better detection of cheating and violations of social rules. |
| According to the handicapping principle, why might engaging in risky behaviors make someone appear more attractive to potential mates? | Risky behaviors may signal physical fitness or robust genes. |
| How might classical conditioning help explain why people develop certain types of romantic preferences? | Associations formed through experiences may cause certain characteristics to become desirable over time. |
| What is the main difference between theory of mind and empathy? | Theory of mind involves understanding another person’s thoughts and feelings, while empathy also involves caring about those feelings. |
| Why is it surprising when a parent harms their own children from an evolutionary perspective? | Kin selection favors behaviors that can increase the survival and reproductive success of genetically related offspring. |
| Which of the following conditions is most likely to promote reciprocal altruism between unrelated individuals? | Individuals repeatedly interact and can identify cooperators and deceivers. |
| Which of the following correctly distinguishes between the proximate and ultimate explanations for people's aversion to spoiled food? | Proximate explanations describe the sensory and physiological mechanisms underlying aversion, ultimate explanations consider how avoiding contaminated food might have increased ancestors' chances of survival and reproduction. |
| In the social contract version of the Wason selection task, which type of person should humans be particularly good at detecting? | A person who receives a benefit without meeting the required condition. |
| According to the costly signaling theory, why can costly signals reliably reflect an individual's quality? | Lower-quality individuals may find it more difficult to bear this cost, making the signal harder to fake. |
| Which statement best describes inclusive fitness? | It includes an individual's own reproductive success, as well as the impact of that individual's behavior on the reproductive success of relatives, weighted according to genetic relatedness. |
| What is the main difference between the good genes model and runaway sexual selection from the Reading Group 1 Article? | The good genes model suggests attractive traits signal health or reproductive fitness, while runaway selection suggests traits become exaggerated because of mate preferences. |
| Which statement best describes the relationship between genes and the environment? | Genes and the environment interact to influence behavior and development. |
| According to Mark Pagel, what was a major reason humans were able to survive in many different environments around the world? | Humans developed cultural knowledge and technologies that could be shared across generations. |
| According to the evolutionary theory of gossip, why might an opportunistic individual cooperate with someone who frequently gossips? | They want to protect their reputation because the gossiper could share information about their behavior. |
| Which of the following is an example of kin selection? | Helping a sibling because they share some of your genes |
| Why is FOMO linked to human nature through evolution? | Being kicked out of a group threatens survival, so a desire to belong is deeply ingrained |
| What explains someone believing that since tribalism and distrust to outsiders are natural and helped our ancestors survive and reproduce it is morally okay and acceptable to discriminate against others who are not similar to you? | Naturalistic fallacy |
| What explains why we like sweet things and fatty foods even though it is bad for us? | Environment of Evolutionary Adaptedness |
| Environment of Evolutionary Adaptedness | A peacock having elaborate tail feathers |
| Based on the theory of Kin Selection, who would you most likely save in a dangerous situation? | Your sister whom you hate |
Created by:
23Thomas-Ellis