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BIO 202 Exam 2
7-9
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| cytoskeleton | network of fibers extending through cytiplasm, organizes structure, anchors organelles, made of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments |
| cell motility | active energy consumng movement of a cell orinternal movement of cellular components |
| intracellular transport | vesicles and organelles use motor proteins to travel along tracks in the cytoskeleton |
| microtubule | thickest, hollow rod, d=25nm, l=200nm, constructed by tubular, function to shape the cell, move organelles, separate chromosomes, resist compression, grow from centrosomes near nucleus, control beating of flagella and cilia |
| dimer | tubulin unit composed of 1 alpha tubulin and 1 beta tubule polypeptide, assembled to form the microtubule wall |
| flagella vs cilia | flagella long and few, cilia short and many, both made of 2 microtubule centers and 9 micrtubule pairs |
| dynein | motor protein driving movement, uses ATP to slide neighboring microtubule pairs, causes bending of flagella and cilia |
| microfilaments | solid rods, thinnest, d=7nm, twisted double chain of actin subunits, support cell shape, make up microvili in intetsinal cells |
| pseudopodia | cellular extensions used to make cells crawl on a surface |
| cytoplasmic streaming | plant cells, circular flow of cytoplasm driven by actin/myosin |
| intermediate filaments | d=8-12nm, support cell shape and hold organelles in place, more permanent than microtubules or microfilaments, make uyp the nuclear lamina |
| tight junctions | membranes of neighboring cells pressed together preventing leakage, connected to actin filaments |
| desmosomes (anchoring junctions) | fasten cells together into strong sheets, connected to intermediate filaments |
| gap junctions | protein channels connecting neighboring cells, pass ions between cytoplasmic channels |
| plasmodesmata | in plant cells, channels connectingc ells, allow water, ions, sugars, signaling molecules, some proteins to move through easily |
| desmotubule | endoplasmic reticulum extending through a plasmodesmata |
| amphipathic molecules | contain hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions |
| cholesterol | membrane components in anial cells, retain movement in higher temps, prevents tigh packing in colder temps |
| lipid rafts | small regions of plasma membrane with lipids with long saturated fatty acid tails to pack tighter for ordered membrane |
| peripheral proteins | bound to the surface of a membrane |
| integral proteins | penetrate the hydrophobic region of a membrane |
| transmembrane proteins | integral proteins that span the entire membrane |
| fluid mosaic model | membrane is a mosaic of proteins bobbing in the fluid bilayer, not randomly places |
| surface protein functions | transport, enzymatic activity, signal transduction, cell-cell recognition, intercellular joining, attachment to cytoskeleton and ecm |
| cell recognition | binds to molecules on surface of memranes for identification |
| glycolipds | carbs bonded to lipids |
| glycoproteins | carbs bonded to proteins |
| channel proteins | hydrophilic channel certain ions or molecules can use to pass through a membrane |
| carrier proteins | bind to a molecule and change shape to pass them through a membrane |
| aquaporins | channel proteins increase rate of water passage |
| endocytosis | macromolecules taken into the cell in vesicles, membrane forms pocket on the outside, pinches in to form vesicle around material for transport |
| phagocytosis | a cell engulfsa particle by extending pseudopodia around it, packaged in food vacuole, fuses with lysosome to digest |
| pinocytosis | molecules taken up with fluid and gulped into tiny vesicles |
| receptor mediated endocytosis | vesicle formatuion triggered by solute binding to receptors |
| exocytosis | transport vesicles migrate to membrane, fuse, and release contents outside the cell |
| extrecellular matrix | network of collagen fibers embedded within large proteoglycan complexes, provides support and organizes |
| proteoglycan molecule | core protein with carb chains attached, associates with long polysacharides to form a complex |
| fibronectin | links ecm to integrin proteins in plasma membrane, connect sto microfilaments |
| concentration gradient | region along which density of a chemical increases or decreases |
| osmosis | diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane |
| tonicity | ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water |
| isotonic solution | solute concentration equal in cell and solution, water flows both ways |
| hypertonic solution | solution has higher solute concentration, water leaves cell |
| hypotonic solution | solution has lower solute concentration, water floods cell, lyses |
| turgid | firm, healthy state of plant cells, hypotonic solution |
| flaccid | limp, wilting plant, isotonic solution |
| plasmolysis | cell shrivels and membrane pulls away fromc ell wall, plant wilts and may die |
| facilitated diffusion | transport proteins speed the passive transport of molecules across a membrane |
| gated channels | ion channels open or close in response toa stimulus, often a chemical binding |
| active transport | uses energy to move a substance against the concentrayion gradient, all proteins for active transport are carrier proteins |
| membrane potential | voltage across a membrane |
| voltage | created by differences in positive and negative ions across a membrane |
| electrochemical gradient | ions concentration gradient and teh effect of membrane potential on ions movement |
| electrogenic pump | trabsport protein that generates voltage across a membrane (ex. sodium potassium pump, proton pump) |
| cotransport | occurs when active transport of a solute indirectly drives transport of another substance |
| secondary active transport | one substance moving down electrochemical gradient supplies energy to move another uphill |
| symport | cotransport where both move in the same direction |
| antiport | cotransport where they move in different directions |
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