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philosophy essay
exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What did Parmenides believe about reality? | Everything is really one thing that never changes. Change is an illusion. |
| What does “what is cannot not be” mean? | Something that exists cannot become nothing. Nothing cannot become something. |
| Why did Parmenides think change was impossible? | He believed something cannot come from nothing, so real change cannot happen. |
| What did Heraclitus believe about reality? | Everything is always changing. |
| What is the Logos? | The rule or order that guides how the world changes. |
| How were Parmenides and Heraclitus different? | Parmenides: nothing really changes. Heraclitus: everything is always changing. |
| What are Plato’s Forms? | Perfect versions of things that never change. |
| How are Forms different from things in the real world? | Forms are perfect and never change. Physical things can change and are imperfect. |
| What are the three parts of Plato’s soul? | Appetite, spirit and reason. |
| What is appetite, and what virtue goes with it? | Appetite means desires, like wanting food. Its virtue is temperance, or controlling desires. |
| What is spirit, and what virtue goes with it? | Spirit involves emotions and standing up for what is right. Its virtue is courage. |
| What is reason, and what virtue goes with it? | Reason is the part that thinks things through. Its virtue is wisdom. |
| What is sophistry? | Using clever words to win an argument, even if you're wrong. |
| How is Socrates different from a sophist? | A sophist tries to win. Socrates asks questions to find the truth. |
| What were the three accusations against Socrates? | Sophistry, corrupting the youth and impiety. |
| What does “corrupting the youth” mean? | They accused Socrates of teaching young people harmful ideas. |
| What does “impiety” mean? | They accused Socrates of disrespecting the gods or not believing in them properly. |
| How did Socrates defend himself against sophistry? | He said he did not charge money or run a school teaching persuasive speaking. |
| Why did Socrates mention that he didn't charge money? | He wanted to show he was not like teachers who sold lessons in speaking and arguing. |
| How did Socrates respond to corrupting the youth? | He questioned why he would purposely make young people worse, since bad people around him could harm him too. |
| What was Socrates’ horse example? | A few skilled people can train horses well, while many could train them badly. He questioned why improving young people would be different. |
| How did Socrates defend himself against impiety? | He argued that believing in divine signs meant he believed in things connected to the divine. |
| What was Socrates’ divine sign? | An inner warning that stopped him from doing certain things. |
| What happened to Socrates after his trial? | He was found guilty and sentenced to death by drinking hemlock. |
| What does Crito want Socrates to do? | Escape from prison before his execution. |
| Why does Crito want Socrates to escape? | He doesn't want Socrates to die. He worries about his family, friends and what people will think. |
| What does Socrates say about other people’s opinions? | We should listen to people who understand what is right, not just follow the majority. |
| Why doesn't Socrates trust the majority's opinion? | Most people can be wrong. They even sentenced Socrates to death when he believed he was innocent. |
| What does “never return a wrong for a wrong” mean? | Even if someone treats us unfairly, we shouldn't do something wrong back. |
| Why doesn't Socrates escape? | He believes escaping would be wrong and would harm Athens' laws. |
| How would escaping hurt Athens' laws? | People might stop respecting court decisions if everyone ignored them when they disagreed. |
| What agreement does Socrates believe he has with Athens? | He believes he agreed to follow Athens' laws by choosing to live there. |
| Why does it matter that Socrates chose to stay in Athens? | He could have left but stayed as an adult, which he sees as accepting its laws. |
| What is Socrates' final reason for not escaping? | Escaping would break his agreement with Athens and harm its laws. |
| What is Stoicism? | A way of thinking that teaches us to control our reactions and accept what we cannot control. |
| What can we control, according to Epictetus? | Our thoughts, judgments, choices and reactions. |
| What can't we fully control? | Our reputation, property, body and things happening around us. |
| What is the goal of Stoicism? | Inner peace by controlling our reactions and accepting what we cannot change. |
| What does Epictetus teach in §8? | Don't expect everything to happen your way. Accept things as they happen. |
| What does Epictetus teach in §17? | Life is like a play. You can't control everything, but you can control how you play your part. |
| What does Epictetus teach in §46? | Don't just talk about philosophy. Show it through your actions. |
| What is one criticism of Stoicism? | It might make people seem too passive when they need to stand up against unfair treatment. |
| How could a Stoic respond to that criticism? | You can fight unfair treatment while accepting that you cannot control every outcome. |
| What is revealed truth? | Truth that comes from God through revelation. |
| What is reasoned truth? | Truth we try to understand by thinking and using logic. |
| What does omnipotent mean? | God is all-powerful. |
| What does omniscient mean? | God knows everything. |
| What does omnipresent mean? | God is present everywhere. |
| What does omnibenevolent mean? | God is perfectly good. |
| What is the problem of evil? | If God is all-powerful and perfectly good, why do evil and suffering exist? |
| What is moral evil? | Evil caused by people's choices, like lying, stealing or hurting others. |
| What is natural evil? | Suffering caused by nature, like earthquakes, floods or disease. |
| How does free will help explain moral evil? | People can choose between right and wrong, and sometimes choose to do bad things. |
| What is the problem with God's foreknowledge and free will? | If God already knows what we will do, it can seem like we don't have a real choice. |
| How does Augustine explain knowing versus causing? | God knowing what we will choose doesn't mean He forces us to choose it. |
| What is Anselm's argument for God's existence? | God is the greatest being imaginable. Since existing in reality is greater than existing only in the mind, God must exist in reality. |
| What is the greatest conceivable being? | The greatest being we can possibly imagine. |
| What is the main idea behind Anselm's argument? | God cannot exist only in our minds because existing in reality would make God greater. |
| What is Gaunilo's perfect island example? | He argues that imagining a perfect island doesn't prove that the island exists. |
| What is Gaunilo trying to show? | Imagining something as perfect does not prove it exists in real life. |
| What are Aristotle's four causes? | Material, efficient, formal and final causes. |
| What is the material cause? | What something is made of. Example: a wooden table. |
| What is the efficient cause? | What makes something or causes it to happen. Example: the carpenter building a table. |
| What is the formal cause? | The shape or design that makes something what it is. Example: a table's design. |
| What is the final cause? | The purpose of something. Example: a table is used for eating or working. |
| What is Aquinas' Second Way? | Everything caused has a cause. Aquinas argues there must be a first cause: God. |
| Why can't something cause itself? | It would have to exist before it existed to cause itself, which makes no sense. |
| Why does Aquinas think there must be a first cause? | He believes causes cannot go back forever. There must be a first cause to start the chain. |
| What is the conclusion of Aquinas' Second Way? | There must be a first cause, which Aquinas identifies as God. |
| What is Aquinas' Fourth Way? | Things have different levels of goodness and perfection. Aquinas argues there must be a perfect being: God. |
| What does Aquinas notice in the Fourth Way? | We describe things as more or less good, true or perfect. |
| What is the conclusion of Aquinas' Fourth Way? | There must be a being with the greatest perfection, which Aquinas identifies as God. |
| What is Aquinas' Fifth Way? | Things in nature work toward goals. Aquinas argues that an intelligent being guides them. |
| What does Aquinas notice in the Fifth Way? | Even things without intelligence, like plants, grow and develop in regular ways. |
| How does Aquinas explain nature working toward goals? | He argues that things without intelligence must be guided toward their goals by an intelligent being. |
| What is the conclusion of Aquinas' Fifth Way? | There must be an intelligent being guiding nature, which Aquinas identifies as God. |
| How do Aquinas' Second, Fourth and Fifth Ways differ? | Second: first cause. Fourth: perfect being. Fifth: an intelligent guide for nature. |
Created by:
mahak