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exam 2 EEPS
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| natural resource | a source of natural raw material used by society |
| types of water resources | surface water and groundwater |
| renewable resources | can be replaced within a few human generations; timber, food, solar power, soil |
| nonrenewable resources | cannot be replaced within a few human generations; oil, coal, ore mineral deposits, some soils |
| reserves | the subset of resources that have been located and can be profitably extracted at current market prices |
| examples of renewable energy | solar, hydropower, biomass, wind, geothermal |
| non-renewable energy | fossil fuel oil, coal, nuclear, natural gas |
| resource management examples | preservation, conservation, restoration |
| preservation of resources | refers to nonuse, protect in its pristine, natural state |
| conservation of resources | recognized that some resource use is unavoidable so attempts try to minimize the unsustainable use of a natural resource |
| restoration of resources | seeks to return degraded resource to its original state |
| ecocentric | ethical value, intrinsic value |
| anthropocentric | extrinsic values; aesthetic, emotional, economic |
| how are matter resources depleted | by being lost or dispersed |
| how are energy resources depleted | by being degraded to an unusable from, waste heat; burning of coal |
| resource depletion examples | mining, waste heat, soil erosion |
| exponential exploitation | supply of resource exceeds demand |
| exponential decline | demand exceeds supply |
| degradation of resources example | pollution to water, acid mine drainage, overfishing, |
| 2 ways society can react to decline of resources | intensify efforts to extract more of the resource, and reduce need for the resource |
| maximum sustainable yield | the optimum way to exploit a renewable resource is to harvest as much as possible up to the point at which the harvest rate equals the renewable rate |
| ways to conserve | efficiency improvements, reuse, substitution |
| efficiency improvements | when same task is accomplished with fewer resources |
| reuse | when the same resource is used again in the same form |
| substitution | when one resource is used instead of another |
| direct use of energy | to fuel our vehicles, to heat/cooll our houses |
| indirect use of energy | to produce food and material goods |
| fossil fuels | oil, coal, natural gas, nuclear power |
| fossil | the remains or impression of a prehistoric organism preserved in petrified form or as a mold or cast in rock |
| oil | liquid form of hydrocarbons |
| ways to use oil | transportation, heating oil, synthetic rubber, plastics, detergents, synthetic fibers, fertilizers and pesticides, paint, medicine, candles |
| biggest economies in the world that compete for oil | United States, Europe, china, India, Japan |
| tar sands | oil sands, combination of coat, sand, water, and bitumen, potential supply alternative to oil |
| environmental costs of oil and gas | oil spills, wastes and brine, habitat disruption, air pollution, global warming |
| coal | provides less than 20% electrical power, formed from remains of land plants, deposits r 250-500 million years olds |
| modern swamps | modern analog for coal formation |
| projected coal production could last | 400-600 years |
| cons to coal | underground mining is dangerous, acid mine drainage, air pollution, acid rain, coal ash |
| environment | everything that surrounds you including the air, the land, the oceans, and all living things |
| natural environment divided into two parts | the physical environment and biological environment |
| physical environment | 3 spheres, lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere |
| 4 spheres | lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere |
| natural gas-methane | fossil fuel in gaseous form, commonly used fuel, found in sedimentary rocks |
| how are gas and oil formed | originate from algae and plankton deposited in fine-grained marine sediments, migrate upwards, collect in geological traps |
| hydrofracking | method to release gas from shale rocks, drill into hydrocarbon reservoir formation, borehole injected with water, sand, and chemical at high pressure |
| hydrofracking environmental impact | 6 to 8 million gallons of water, groundwater contamination, air pollution, radioactive contamination |
| nuclear fission | splitting of a radioactive isotope of a heavy element into daughter products with the release of energy, most common method for energy production |
| how does fission run an electric turbine generator | fission produces heat which can be used to make steam |
| uranium | radioactive chemical element used in nuclear reactors |
| nuclear fusion | the joining of isotopes of a light element into a heavier element with the generation of energy |
| nuclear fusion v fission | nuclear fusion makes more energy than fission but extremely difficult to initiate fusion |
| uranium considered as a fossil fuel because | takes long time to form uranium-rich deposits |
| ore | naturally occurring solid material from which a metal or valuable mineral can be profitably extracted |
| advantages of nuclear power | doesn't contribute to co2 emission, acid rain, smog or global warming, fuel needs are small, very good safety record |
| disadvantages of nuclear power | risk of nuclear bomb proliferation, risk or reactor accidents, radioactive waste disposal, high complexity and initial cost of reactors, high cost of decommissioning old reactors, useful for electricity but not transportation |
| drawbacks of nuclear power | other resources used for plants, and dealing with radioactive waste |
| nuclear reactor failures | three mile island, Chernobyl, Fukushima |
| three mile island | loss of cooling water led to partial melt down of reactor |
| Chernobyl | operator error caused reactor meltdown |
| why was caesium-137 used | human-made and doesn't naturally occur |
| how is cesium-137 formed | nuclear fission of uranium-235 |
| Fukushima | tsunami caused loss of power and led to meltdown of 3 reactors |
| nuclear waste disposal issues | no permanent site for high level waste disposal-high level waste currently stored in pools of water, and low level waste buried in shallow landfills |
| how long is high level waste radioactive? | 10,000+ years |
| proposals for waste disposal | rocket into space, deep sea burial, bury in antarctic glaciers, bury in stable geological zones |
| nuclear is only current long term solution | to the use of fossil fuels |
| problems with sustainable energy | must be economically competitive, often requires new technology and research, many produce electricity which is difficult to store and transport |
| between 2006 and 2023 fossil fuel usage | has gone down |
| hydroelectric power | 4th largest source of power in us, turbine turned by dropping water from high to low |
| hydroelectric advantages | low operating cost, recreation and jobs, np greenhouse gases or wastes, long term reliability, no import/export costs |
| hydroelectric disadvantages | initial construction is expensive, dislocates people, farms and forests, changes in water temp and chemistry, changes in fisheries and wildlife, occasional dam failures, impacted by climate changes, |
| biomass fuels | sources of biomass are wastes, standing forests, energy crops, methane |
| the ways that biomass can be used | direct combustion, thermochemical conversion to methanol or syngas, biochemical conversion to ethanol or biogas |
| disadvantages of biomass | air pollution, deforestation and soil degradation, low efficiency, not enough long term resources |
| solar energy | trapping solar heat and light for useful purposes, direct or indirect conversion to electricity |
| methods of solar energy | active solar systems, passive solar systems, solar electric cells |
| active solar systems | solar roof homes, flat plate collector and radiators |
| passive solar systems | windows, walls, floors made to collect, store, distribute solar energy |
| solar electric cells | uses semiconductor technology, expensive, only works when sun shines |
| pros to solar energy | sunlight abundant and renewable |
| cons of solar energy | large land areas needed, expensivewind power, harmful chemicals and mining |
| windpower pros | cost is decreasing, could meet 20% electricity needs, safe and low environmental impact, clean renewable energy |
| cons to windpower | difficult storage and distribution, intermittent source of energy, noise, visual pollution and impact on wildlife |
| major challenges to alternative energy | energy storage and batteries |
| geothermal energy | energy from earths hot interior can be used to heat buildings directly or to generate electricity |
| minerals | naturally occurring substances that consist of specific elements such as silicon and oxygen in quartz or iron and sulfur in pyrite |
| what type of structure do minerals have | crystalline |
| mineral resources include | ore deposits, metals, gravel, sand, marble, granite, phosphate rocks |
| major mineral resources divided into three categories | metallic minerals, nonmetallic minerals, and energy minerals |
| ore deposit | a mineral deposit that can be economically mined at a certain time and place with certain technology |
| why has the price of minerals dropped | discovery of new deposits, better extraction technology, recycling and sustainability |
| reserves | identified ore deposits that have yet to be exploited |
| miane tailings | materials left over after extraction of valuable minerals from ore |
| smelting | the process of operating the metal from impurities by heating the concentrate to a high temperature to caause the metal to melt |
| trends in mineral use | mineral use increasing at high rate, resources depleting, possible deposits on sea floor |
| to deal with mineral scarcity we must | increase the supply and decrease the demand, recycling, substitution |
| what 3 kinds of plants constitute 65% of worlds food supply | corn, wheat, and rice |
| meat production dominated by what species | poultry, sheep, goats, pigs, cattle |
| how many people experience famine | more than 1 billion |
| how many people die each year of malnutrition | 8 to 11 million people |
| challenges to feeding the world | cultivated land lost to development, erosion, nutrient depletion, and contamination, monoculture crops vulnerability, global climate change |
| impacts of fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides | eutrophication of lakes, loss of biodiversity, risk to human health |
| overuse of irrigation can cause | salinization of soil in arid climates |
| salinization | irrigation water contains salts, when water evaporates only salt is left behind |
| where else is there possibility for liquid water | mars 3 billion years ago and possibly europa |
| if earths water were evenly distributed it would | ever planet to depth of two miles |
| how much of earths water is easily accessible, fresh water | only 0.6% |
| naturally occurred water shortages aggravated by | lack of water conservation and water pollution |
| properties of water | bipolar molecule, effective at dissolving minerals, can exist at solid, liquid, or gas state |
| two main processes of hydrologic cycle | evaporation and precipitation |
| withdrawn water | water that is taken from its source, returned after use ex; cooling for power plants and data centers, sewage |
| consumed water | water withdrawn but not returned to source ex; irrigation water lost to evaporation |
| types of irrigation | flood, sprinkler, and drip |
| water resources categorized as | surface waters, groundwater |
| surplus areas | rich in water resources, particularly surface water |
| deficit areas | poor in water resources, less surface water, rely on groundwater |
| factors influencing water supply | population growth, pollution, drought, climate change |
| water stress | the ratio of total freshwater withdrawals to the total renewable freshwater resources available after accounting for changes of natural water flows due to climate fluctuations |
| droughts can lead to | economic loss, famine, refugees, wars |
| surface waters | include flowing water (river and streams) and basinal water (ponds and lakes) |
| discharge | volume of water carried in a stream channel, increases with the size of the channel |
| drainage basin | catchment area, watershed, area from which all precipitation flows to a single stream or set of streams |
| groundwater | water beneath earth's surface, majority of accessibly freshwater, found in fractures and empty pore spaces under surface |
| aquifer | sediment or rock containing useable amounts of water |
| groundwater recharge | hydrologic process where water moves downward from surface water to groundwater |
| increasing water resources | increase efficiency, recycling water, substitution by saltwater |
| desalinization pros and cons | energy costs are high, membrane and distillation methods are most cost efficient |
Created by:
burgia