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2Psych of Sex
Psych of Sex: Unit 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| gender | Social, cultural, psycho, behavior aspects of man/woman Separate from bio sex |
| sex | anatomy male/female |
| androgyny | part male/female in appearance. Of indeterminate sex. |
| cisgender | Gender matches sex e.g. male: male |
| transgender | Gender does not match sex e.g. male sex, female orientation |
| A transgender woman is someone who was assigned ______ at birth and identifies as a _____ now | male woman |
| A transgender man is someone who was assigned ______ at birth and identifies as a _____ now | woman male |
| gender dysphoria | Psychological distress experienced when a person's gender ID doesn't align with sex assigned at birth |
| gender binary | Either male or female reinforced by cultural norms and expectations |
| gender affirmation/confirmation surgery | Surgery to align body with gender ID (top/bottom/face/body/everything). can cause issues in future. (evidence shows that it doesn't help gender dysphoria or lower suicide rates) |
| two-spirits | Term used by North American indigenous people: people who emobdy both masculine/feminine spirits outside binary gender system. Would adopt roles of the opposite sex. |
| Be familiar with trends in transgender identity presented in the gender PPTs in class. | our age group is more likely to associate w/different IDs. More ID in GenZ (1995-2012) than millenials, genX, baby boomers |
| - Transitional bisexuality | period of transition |
| sequential bisexuality | attracted to different genders at different times/stages in their life |
| Contemporaneous bisexuality | attracted to more than one gender at the same time |
| Situational bisexuality | Person engages in sex activity with peope of more than one gender because of a particulr stuation or circumstance rather than necessariy ID as bi. |
| Denial bisexuality | Attracted to more than one gender y denies, suppresses, or refuses to acknowledge those feelings. |
| What is the difference between sexual orientation and gender identity? | Sexual orientation: who you're romatically, emotionally, or sexually attracted to:heter/homo/bi/asexual Gender ID: person's internal sense of own gender |
| potential short term and long term side effects of puberty blockers. | short: weight gain, hot flashes, headaches long: Decreased bone density (hormone therapy can help) Potential fertility issues |
| Reversible and irresversible changes that occur from someone taking cross-sex hormones | Reversable: fat distribution, muscle mass irreversible: voice deepening, maybe facial/body hair, breast development Fertility? unknown |
| Main points of Cass review | indepent review on care for gender dysphoric young by peds REMARKABLY weak evidence to support use of puberty blockers & hormone treatments for gender distressed young people Best2let them work through it and leave their options open as long as possible |
| Gender trends: More __ ID as trans __% adults trans vs __% ages 13-17 RN, most trans youth are (male/female) 208: 1/2000 college females ID trans/nonbinary, now it's 1 in __ | youth id as trans .5% adults trans 1.4% 13-17 trans RN, most trans youth are male (flip flop of past) 1 in 20 |
| do any of the following explain gender ID? Chromosomal abnormalities Prenatal exposure to inappropriate amounts of hormones Sexual differentiation of the brain and genitals at different times | no |
| Cross sex hormones, which are reversible/irreversible for transgender men (female->male)taking testosterone deeper voice clitoral enlargement increased facial & body hair possible baldness increased sexual interest upper body strength weight gain | all non-reversible besides the last three testosterone works fast within a few months. |
| Cross sex hormones, which are reversible/irreversible for transgender woman (male->female) taking estrogen? Breasts redistribution of body fat decreased upper body strength softening of skin decrease in body hair smaller testicles decreased erectin | Breasts are the ONLY non-reversible one Estrogen acts slower and is easier to reverse |
| Do all people identifying as transgender choose to undergo gender affirmation/confirmation surgery? | no and some doctors/mental health professionals worry teens are just confused and streggling with mental health and don't actually have gender dysmorphia |
| According to Cass, most young boys who want to be transgender woman tend to grow up and be ___ instead | gay |
| Quality evidence4use of pubBlocker4gender distressed young ppl="__” insufficient evidence oneffects of pubBlockers on mental&psychosocial health/alleviat gender dysphori ___ of high-quality research assessing the actual outcomes of cross sex hormon | disappointingly poor lack |
| Be familiar with: vulva, mons veneris, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, urethra, introitus, hymen, perineum, vagina, cervix, uterus, ovaries, | ovulation, menstruation, menarche, mittelschermz, endometrium, endometriosis, dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea, menopause, pap test, pelvic exam, speculum, polycystic ovarian syndrome. |
| Describe where the clitoris is located. compared2penis, clitoris have (+/-/same) #of nerve endings? Clit haveany other purpose other than sexual arousal? Do woman most commonly achieve orgasm through clitoral stimulation or vaginal stimulation? | top of vulva, above opening of uretha.Under clitoral hood same if not more nerve endings just sex pleasure & sensation Most women orgasm vai clit stim; most need clit stim w/vaginal stim. |
| Where is the Grafenburg Spot located? | Front wall of vagina, by pubic bone; stimulating back of clit |
| What is a labiaplasty? Discuss at least three negative aspects of female cosmetic genital surgery. | making labia smaller; change shape/size/appearance of labia minora - scarring, reduced sexual pleasure, pain/discomfort |
| Is douching necessary for routine hygiene for women? Can it increase susceptibility to infections if done too frequently? | not necessary can increase susceptibility to infections if done too frequently |
| What factors are typically associated with the onset of puberty for females? Describe factors that influence menarche. Describe racial/ethnic differences in menarche. | genetics - when mom/grandma had theirs hormones(breats/growth) Body weight(bigger=sooner) Bad health can delay environendocrine diruptors stress=delay physical activity socioecon black=earlier,hispanics asians later |
| Describe how a woman could decrease the severity of menstrual cramps without medication. | heat, exercise reguarly, warm bath/shower, breath/relaxing techniques, massage abs, sleep/rest, balanced diet/hydrate, TENs |
| hat is menstrual suppression and menstrual manipulation? Is this practice considered to be safe? Are these practices becoming more or less common? | Suppression: reduce freq or stop. eg.continuous birth control,patch,IUD,injection Manipulation: Changing time/freq e.g. to delay for vacation, sports, etc. Probably safe? maybe cancer with long term use, idk Becoming more common |
| During what age range does menopause frequently occur? | 45-55 |
| 10. When should a female have her first pap test done? What is it used for? | 21, then every 3 years detect cervical cancer (NOT STIs) |
| 11. What is the main cause of cervical cancer? | Sex before 16 HPV, multiple sex partners smoking long term use of birth control (gardasil-9=vaccine) |
| What is the name of the medical specialist that concentrates on the study and treatment of disorders of the female reproductive system? | gynecologist |
| 13. What factors could negatively affect vaginal pH? | douche, soap, scented products, semen, antibiotics, hormone fluctuations, infections, blood from menstration, etc. |
| 14. Discuss problems associated with breast implants. | harder to detect cancer, pain, thickening, infection, asymmetry, breat feeding difficulties, raised risk of cancer |
| Define the following terms or know the basic physiological purpose or feature of the anatomical part: penis, glans penis, corpus cavernosa, corpus spongiosum, foreskin, urethra, testicular torsion, gynecomastia, andropause, priapism | - |
| gynecomastia | enlarged breast in males bc hormone imbalances, excess grandular tissue, or fat |
| Introitus | opening into bagina |
| hymen | thin, flexible tissue partially surrounding vaginal opening. can break doing almost anything |
| testicular torsion | when testicle twists around the spermatic cord, cutting off blood supply |
| andropause | Age-related declain in testosterone levels in men. "male menopause" |
| priapism | Prolonged erection for hours independently of ongoing sex stim. Can be painful and cause permanent damage if not treated right |
| How many cylinders are in the penis? Is the penis comprised of muscles and bones? | 3: 2 corpus cavernosum, 1 corpus spongiosum no muscle or bone; just erectil tissue & blood, nerves (some smooth muscle like blood vessels) |
| What is happening physiologically when a man has an erection? | Blood rusing to penis sex stim, nitric oxide released, vasodilation, errection subsides |
| What are the causes of nocturnal erections? What stage of sleep are they related to? | Fluctuations in hormones (technically women have clit ones too) involuntary bc change in nervous system. normal/good, Assoc w/REM |
| Why are the testicles located outside of a man’s body? | Semen requires to be kept at a lower temperature than the rest of the body (scrotom pulls them closer to the body when cold) |
| What are the two main functions of the testes? If one testicle hangs lower than the other, is this problematic? | hold sperm |
| What happens to faulty sperm and sperm that are not ejaculated? | reabsorbed by the body |
| What substances affect the taste of semen? | good flavor: tropical fruit, watermelon, bad: alcohol, garlic, onion, meds, cigar, coffer |
| s prostate cancer common or uncommon? Do most of the men who are diagnosed with prostate cancer die from prostate cancer? Is it slow growing or fast growing? | Most common (1/8) most don't die, slow growing |
| Do most women in heter or homo men say penis size=sig related to their sex satisfaction? Describe relationship b/t size of flaccid pp &size of erect pp | Generally no Smaller pp tends to expand more during erectino than larger flaccid ones |
| Is penis size related to race, height, age at puberty, weight or body build? | Nope |
| 12. Be familiar with problems associated with penis enlargement surgery. | Loss of sensation infection changes to penis shape and erection angle scare tissue |
| What is circumcision? Where is circumcision the most common in the U.S? Are circumcision rates increasing or decreasing? Be familiar with the pros and cons of circumcision. | remove foreskin benefits>risks, but not recommended for all male newborns 1/3 of males worldwide 81% WI, 10% in WA/NV DECLINE 85%-->58% pro:less cancer,UTI,female partner cancer,STI,clean Con:<sex sensitivity, bleed/infection, forewkin complications |
| 14. Be familiar with reasons sperm count is decreasing. by like 59% the past 40 years | Radiation/phones maybe Environ toxins (BPA, dioxins) stress lapttop computer use Biking 5+ hours a week cigarette, alcohol, marijuana use Poor diet (processed red meat, transfact, high fat dairy) fruit/veggie/fish/chx=better |
| Define an anaphrodisiac and an aphrodisiac. List common anaphrodisiacs. | ana=turn off or decreases sex drive. e.g. stress, anti depressant/anxiety, opioids, BP meds, hormone imbalances, alcohol/tobacco/nicotine, sleep deprivation, illness, emotional disconnect aphrodisiac=turn ons or increase sex drive |
| Differentiate between primary and secondary erogenous zones | primary: genitals, breasts secondary: ear lobs, neck, lips, thights, lower back, breasts, butt, abs, scalp |
| Describe the role of testosterone in sexual behavior. It is important for both males and females? | Important for both sexes. Men have more. Role in sexual desire and reproductive physio. Both genders have estrogen and testosterone but at different levels. |
| What is the order of Masters and Johnson’s sexual response cycle? | excitement plateau orgasm resolution |
| vasocongestion | accumulation of blood in genital tissues during sexual arousal. Cause swelling and increased sensitivity to |
| myotonia | increased muscle tension during sexual arousal, followed by involuntary muscle contractions during orgasm |
| sex flush | Temporary reddish discoloration fo skin during sex arousal, increased bloodflow to chest, neck, face, breasts |
| Refractory stage | Period after orgasm which person (particularly male) is temporarily unable to achieve another orgasm or errectino. Varies with age and health and gender. |
| What happening physiologically when someone has an orgasm? How long does it typically last? How many muscular contractions typically occur and approximately how long does each one last? | repeated muscle contractions ~7 increased BP, BR 5-15 seconds (less than a second apart and space out towards end) |
| Describe some criticisms of Masters and Johnson’s sexual response model. | Too linear, can go back and forth between stages, doesn't include sex desire/cog/emotional/psych factors/intamacy, doesn't match all forms of sex and doesn't match the female response |
| Describe differences between common fantasies experienced by men and women. | Man:visual stim, variety of partners, novel, dominant, casual/spontanous woman:Emotional intimacy/romance, being desired/pursued, romantic settings, submission, novel. |
| What does it imply (or not imply) if a woman fantasizes about the use of force in a sexual relationship? | Doesn't mean she actually wants sex violence or a nonconsentual act in real life. implies:desire to relingquich control, arousal from power dynamics, excite novelty, fantasy v reality, experience/influences |
| 10. Explain the Kinsey Institute’s dual control model of sexual arousal. | Sexual excitation and sexual inhibition: i.e. gas and breaks. Some people are more/less sensitive in each. |
| 11. Define arousal non-concordance. | mismatch b/t subjective sexual arousal and genital sexual arousal (e.g. errect, but not feeling sexually aroused. |
| What does LGBTQ+ stand for? | lesbian, gay, bisex, trans, queer/questioning |
| What percent of variance in sexual orientation does current evidence suggest that genes account for? | 30-40% for sexual orientation (heritable) or 8-25%... ? |
| Define these types of bisexuality: sequential, contemporaneous, situational, transitional | sequential- preference changes from phases of life contemporaneous- sex w/ppl of more than one sex at the same time situational - depends on situation/environ(i.e. no heter partners available) transitional - during beriod of change from hetero-->homo |
| Define the following terms: pansexual, asexual | pansexual- Attraction to ppl regardless of sex. asexual- Little or no sexual attraction toward others |
| Be familiar with the research on the influence of prenatal hormones on sexual orientation. Is the evidence of the effects of hormones on sexual orientation weak or strong? | weak - does NOT affect gender ID moderate/mixed evidence on it's effect on sex orientation (i.e. famels with CAH (congential adrenal hyperplasia) |
| Discuss the relationship between birth order and sexual orientation. Do gay men have more or fewer older brothers than heterosexual men? | Gay men tend to have MORE older biologial brothers. each brother assoc w/30% increase in the odds of being gay (maternal immune hypothesis-mom makes antibodies against fetal brain) |
| Is reparative (conversion) therapy effective? | NO does not change a person's sexual orientation. Instead, assoc w/depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, suicidal thoughts |
| Be familiar with the Church’s stance on same-sex relationships through the first 1,000 years of Christianity? Did Jesus discuss same-sex relationships? | Religious authorities condemned same-sex Jesus had no explicit teachings on it or addressing it in general. |
| When does a child’s first awareness of sexual orientation typically occur? | Childhood 12yrs? ??? |
| . Do children raised by same-sex parents differ from children raised by heterosexual parents in any significant way? | no significant sometimes 2 dads is better |
| 11. Describe characteristics of people who are likely to hold negative views of gay people. | conservatives less education No contact w/LGBTQ+ Old Hold traditional gender roles |
| When did same-sex marriage become legal in every state in the U.S.? Can gay couples adopt children? | 2015 and yes (as of 2016) |
| Do cultures that have more permissive attitudes about same-sex behavior have higher reports of homosexual orientation than cultures with more restrictive attitudes? | No, same sex behavior happens about the same amount everywhere (more reported in permissive areas tho) |
| 14. Be familiar with the section of your text that discusses same-sex relationships in prison. | situational bisexuals same-sex behavior in prison doesn't necessarily mean homo orientation |
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