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Psyc Midterm#1
Weeks 1-4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the three conditions for natural selection? | Differential reproduction, heredity, and variation. |
| How does natural selection shape brain systems to solve persistent social problems? | by engineering specialized, domain specific neutral circuits. evolution favors solutions that our ancestors had once had problems with. |
| Who was Charles Darwin? What was his major contribution to science? | Charles Darwin is a biologist he mainly is famous for the theory of evolution by natural selection. Published the origin of species only the fittest will survive and their traits will flourish. |
| How did World War II shape how social psychologists study today? | World War II shifted social psychology from an academic philosophy into an applied experimental science designed to solve urgent real world social problems. |
| Who was Auguste Comte and what was his major contribution to how we understand science? How does that affect psychology? | He was the founder of sociology. He argued that all human thought historically evolves through the law of Three stages. |
| Three stages | The theological stage- the world is explained via supernatural forces or gods The metaphysical stage- the world is explained via abstract philosophical concepts the scientific stage-human thinking discards ultimate causes and instead uses obser, exper,l |
| Hierarchy of Sciences | most simple to most complex reasoning for each level each level requires the methods and laws of the science below psyc is not on it because you cannot observe your own mind |
| How do the sizes of primates' testicles inform us about their mating systems and reproduction competition? | Testicle size helps scientists predict how much sperm competition occurs in a species Smaller testicles- usually indicate less sperm competition occurs because males dont compete Larger testicles- greater sperm competition occurs because male compete |
| What are monogamous, polygynous, and multimale-multifemale mating systems? Which mating system most likely characterized ancestral (i.e., pre-modern) human societies? | Monogamous-one male and one female form a mating relationship polygynous-one male mates with multiple females multimale-multifemale-multiple males mate with mutiple females within the same social group |
| How are modern families different from our ancestors’ families? | We live in clusters now, we build up, we import, Living arrangements: Ancestors often lived in small groups that moved from place to place. Relatives such as grandparents, aunts, uncles, and siblings could be part of a wider network of support. |
| What is the difference between controlled-fertility and natural-fertility societies?Fertility is influenced biological factors, breastfeeding, abstinence | Controlled-fertility People control when and how many children they have, using contraception, family planning. Natural-fertility Births are less controlled through contraception or planned family-size. |
| What is menopause? What does the Grandmother Hypothesis propose to explain it? | Menopause is when a women cant get pregnant Humans can live for decades after their reproductive years end Grandmother Hypothesis menopause evolved because older women could increase their evolutionary by helping their children and grandchildren survive |
| How do human reproduction rates and inter-birth intervals compare to those of non-human primates? | humans have an interval of about three years, shorter than those listed for orangutans, gorillas, and chimpanzees. Humans also tend to have long childhoods and require years of care and support |
| What are “bands” and what are their characteristics? | Bands are small, temporary social groups made up of multiple families, similar to the groups in which our hunter-gatherer ancestors lived. |
| What is evolutionary mismatch,? | Evolutionary mismatch psychological or behavioral tendencies that evolved to help our ancestors survive become less useful or harmful in modern environments. |
| and how do modern environments trigger misfiring of evolved preferences? | misfiring because an evolved response is activated in an environment where it may no longer be beneficial. high cal foods: In ancestral time people wanted high cals to live today high cals are everywhere |
| What does IAATOPE stand for and what do each of its components mean?IAA | I Intuition Believing something because it feels true. A Anecdote Using a personal story or experience as evidence. A Authority Believing something because an expert or respected person says it. |
| What does IAATOPE stand for and what do each of its components mean?TOP | T Tradition Believing something because people have always believed it. O Observation Systematically watching, counting, and describing something. P Prediction Making a testable expectation about what should happen. |
| What does IAATOPE stand for and what do each of its components mean?E | E Experimentation Testing a prediction by manipulating a variable and measuring the outcome. |
| Understand why correlation does not prove causation. | Correlation means two variables are related or change together. Causation means one variable actually produces a change in another variable. Just because two things happen together does not mean one causes the other. |
| Define the four experimental techniques and explain their strengths and weaknesses. Lab experiment | Laboratory experiment Researcher manipulates variables in a controlled setting. High control over variables. Setting may be unrealistic. |
| Field experiment | Field experiment Researcher manipulates a variable in a real-world setting. More realistic behavior. Less control over outside factors. |
| Natural experiment | Natural experiment A naturally occurring event creates different conditions for comparison. Studies events researchers cannot ethically or practically create. Groups may differ for other reasons. |
| Quasi-experiment | Compares conditions without researcher-controlled random assignment. Useful for real-world causal questions. Harder to rule out confounding variables. |
| Why is random assignment so important in experiments? | Random assignment means participants are placed into experimental conditions by chance rather than by personal characteristics or researcher choice. It is important because it helps make groups comparable before the experiment begins. |
| How did famous unethical studies influence the ethical treatment of research participants? | Scientific discoveries do not justify exploiting or unnecessarily harming research participants. |
| Describe the three basic principles of protecting human subjects. | Respect = autonomy and consent; beneficence = benefits versus harm; justice = fairness. |
| What is validity, and what parts of an experiment can have validity? | validity is a scientific claim is justified by evidence and reasoning. Independent variable (IV): Does the manipulation actually represent what researchers claim it represents? |
| What is validity, and what parts of an experiment can have validity? | Relationship between Does the evidence support the researchers' proposed interpretation of their relationship? |
| What is validity, and what parts of an experiment can have validity? | Dependent variable (DV): Does the measurement actually measure the intended behavior or concept? |
| Why is reproducibility important, and what is the difference between direct and conceptual replication? | Reproducibility means scientific findings should be obtainable again when research is repeated.Direct replication tests reliability; conceptual replication tests whether the underlying phenomenon applies in other situations. |
| Compare shrinking, impossible, fraudulent, and engineered results. | Shrinking = effects weaken; impossible = extraordinary unsupported claims; fraudulent = fake data; engineered = manipulating analysis decisions to obtain desired statistical results. |
| What can twin studies teach us about genetic and environmental influences? | Twin studies help researchers estimate how much variation in human traits is associated with genes and environmental experiences.dentical twins (MZ) share essentially 100% of their genes. fanteral share 50 percent |
| What can twin studies teach us about genetic and environmental influences?PT2 | Additive genetic effects heritability Variation associated with inherited genetic differences. Common or shared environment Environmental influences that make siblings similar. |
| uniqure or shared environemnt | Unique or unshared environment Environmental influences that make siblings different, including measurement error in standard models. |
| Explain the four laws of behavioral genetics, especially the fourth law.1-2 | Law 1: All human behavioral traits are heritable.Law 2: The effect of being raised in the same family is smaller than the effect of genes. |
| Explain the four laws of behavioral genetics, especially the fourth law.3 | Law 3: A substantial portion of variation in complex human behavioral traits is not explained by genes or shared family environments. |
| Explain the four laws of behavioral genetics, especially the fourth law.4 | Law 4: A typical human behavioral trait is associated with many genetic variants, each having a very small effect. It means complex behavioral traits are generally polygenic—influenced by many genes rather than a single gene. |
| Explain the mirror self-recognition test and how it reveals awareness of ourselves. | Mirror Self-Recognition Test (MSRT) examines whether an individual recognizes their reflection as themselves. |
| When do most children begin passing the MSRT | Most children begin passing the mirror self-recognition test between 1 and 2 years old, with performance increasing substantially during the second year. |
| What does chimpanzee research tell us about the possible functions of the self? | self-recognition is associated with social cognition.ecognizing ourselves may help us understand and interact with other individuals |
| What is a schema, and how is the self represented as a schema? | A schema is an organized mental framework that helps us store, retrieve, and interpret information.A self-schema is the collection of knowledge and beliefs we have about ourselves, including our traits, abilities, behaviors, and identities. |
| What is the looking-glass self? | We learn about ourselves partly through how we believe others perceive us. |
| What is Sociometer Theory, and how does it explain self-esteem? | Sociometer Theory, associated with Mark Leary, proposes that self-esteem functions as an internal indicator of social acceptance. |
| How do social comparisons affect self-perception? | Social Comparison Theory people compare themselves with others to evaluate their abilities and internal statesComparing yourself with someone performing better. May lower self-evaluation or motivate improvement. |
| upward downward | Upward Comparing yourself with someone performing better. May lower self-evaluation or motivate improvement. Downward Comparing yourself with someone performing worse. May increase self-evaluation. |
| According to Goffman, what is self-presentation? | Self-presentation refers to how people manage the impressions others form of them.People manage their behavior partly to influence how others perceive them. |
| What is self-control? | self-control as regulating thoughts, feelings, and actions when long-term valued goals conflict with more immediately gratifying goals. |
| What does the marshmallow test teach us about delayed gratification? | The marshmallow test examines children's willingness to wait for a larger reward rather than accepting a smaller immediate reward.The test illustrates how people balance immediate gratification against delayed benefits. |
| What is delay discounting? | Delay discounting is the decrease in a reward's subjective value as the time required to receive it increases.Delayed rewards often feel less valuable than immediate rewards. |
| What evidence shows that delay discounting occurs in humans and animals? | Both humans and animals tend to discount future rewards, demonstrating that delay discounting is not uniquely human. |
| What life outcomes are correlated with high self-control? | Academic performance Crime and delinquency Relationship quality Moral reputation Aggression and violence Consumer behavior Health behaviors Addiction Cooperation and prosocial behavior |
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