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Logical Fallacies

TermDefinition
Composition/Division Assuming that what is true of a part must be true of the whole, or that what is true of the whole must be true of its parts.
Misuse of Statistics Presenting numerical data in a misleading, distorted, or incomplete way to manipulate conclusions.
Appeal to Doubtful Authority Citing an authority figure who lacks expertise, relevance, or credibility regarding the topic at hand.
Slippery Slope Arguing without sufficient evidence that a relatively small first step will inevitably lead to a chain of negative events.
Red Herring Introducing an irrelevant topic or argument to divert attention away from the original issue.
Weak Analogy Comparing two things that share minor similarities but are fundamentally too different to support the conclusion.
Equivocation Using a word or phrase with multiple meanings ambiguously to mislead or conceal a weakness in an argument.
Either/Or Fallacy Presenting only two extreme options or outcomes when, in reality, more possibilities exist.
Circular Reasoning An argument where the premise and conclusion rely on each other, essentially restating the claim instead of proving it.
Begging the Question Formulating an argument where the truth of the conclusion is assumed in one of the premises without independent proof.
Bandwagon Arguing that a claim must be true or acceptable simply because a large number of people believe or do it.
Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc Incorrectly assuming that because one event followed another, the first event caused the second.
Non Sequitur A conclusion or statement that does not logically follow from the previous argument or evidence provided.
Strawman Oversimplifying, exaggerating, or misrepresenting an opponent's argument to make it easier to attack or refute.
False Cause Presuming a causal connection between two events without sufficient evidence to establish that one caused the other.
Ad Hominem Attacking an opponent's character, motives, or personal traits instead of addressing the substance of their argument.
Genetic Judging something as good or bad based strictly on its origin or history, rather than its current context or merits.
Sweeping Generalization Applying a general rule or principle to a specific situation where exceptional circumstances make the rule inapplicable.
The Fallacy Fallacy Assuming that because an argument contains a logical fallacy, its underlying conclusion must automatically be false.
The Gambler's Fallacy Believing that past independent events influence the probability of future random outcomes.
Appeal to Nature Arguing that something is good, valid, or justified simply because it is natural, or bad because it is unnatural.
Burden of Proof Asserting that a claim must be accepted unless someone else can disprove it, shifting responsibility away from the claimant.
Texas Sharpshooter Cherry picking data or patterns that fit a theory while ignoring differences or the rest of the evidence.
Ambiguity Using double meanings or unclear language intentionally to misrepresent the truth or evade a direct point.
You Also Attempting to discredit an opponent's argument by pointing out their hypocrisy or that they do the same thing.
Tu Quoque Answering criticism with criticism, turning the accusation back onto the arguer rather than defending the argument.
Personal Incredulity Claiming something is false or untrue simply because it is difficult to understand or hard to imagine.
Black or white Reducing a complex scenario down to only two mutually exclusive choices, ignoring intermediate possibilities.
Special Pleading Applying standards or rules to others while creating an unjustified exception for oneself or one's own claim.
Middle Ground Claiming that a compromise or midpoint between two extreme positions must always be the truth.
Loaded Question Asking a question that contains a built in assumption, so that any direct answer implies guilt or agreement.
Appeal to Emotion Attempting to manipulate an audience's feelings, such as fear, pity, or pride, instead of presenting a valid argument.
No True Scotsman Dismissing counterexamples by arbitrarily altering the definition or criteria of a group to protect a generalization.
Created by: user-2068990
 

 



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