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anatomy midterm
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| study of tissues | microanatomy or histology |
| study of body organization and structure | human anatomy |
| study of body functions | human physiology |
| levels of organization from most complex to simplest | organ system organ tissue cells organelle molecules |
| a coordinated group of organs | organ system |
| structural and functional units of the body | cells |
| an aggression of similar cells | tissue |
| stomach, liver, intestines | digestive |
| brain, spinal cord, nerves | nervous |
| secretes hormones | endocrine |
| skin, hair, nails | integumentary |
| returns lymph to blood, provides immunity | lymphoid |
| bones, ligaments, cartilage | skeletal |
| contraction enables movement | muscular |
| transports materials to and from cells | cardiovascular |
| kidneys, uterus, urinary bladder | urinary |
| testes, penis, prostate | male reproductive |
| ovaries, uterine tubes, vagina | female reproductive |
| blood, heart, arteries, veins | cardiovascular |
| supports the body | skeletal |
| secretes hormones that regulate functions | endocrine |
| regulates volume of body fluids | lymphoid |
| protects underlying tissue | integumentary |
| rapid coordination of body functions | nervous |
| digests food and absorbs nutrients | digestive |
| gas exchange between air and blood | respiratory |
| larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs | respiratory |
| head is _ to neck | superior |
| hand is _ to wrist | distal |
| skin is _ to the muscles | superficial |
| mouth is _ to the nose | interior |
| elbow is _ to wrist | proximal |
| ear is on _ surface of head | lateral |
| umbilicus is on _ body surface | anterior |
| hip is on the _ body surface | lateral |
| butt is on the _ body surface | posterior |
| smallest unit of an element | atom |
| positive charge subatomic | proton |
| negative charge subatomic particle | electron |
| subatomic particle- no charge | neutron |
| substance that cannot be broken down into any simpler substance | element |
| atoms of the same element with different number of neutrons | isotopes |
| most abundant element in the body | oxygen |
| substance composed of 2 or more atoms from the same element | molecule |
| substance built by either ionic or covalent bonds | compound |
| number of chlorine atoms in CaCl2 | 2 |
| chemical bond resulting from the sharing of valence electrons by two atoms | covalent |
| ana tom with a net electric charge | ion |
| the attractive force between a slightly positive H atoms and a slightly negative O atom | hydrogen bond |
| chemical bonds forming organic molecules | covalent |
| electrons in the outer shell | valence electron |
| adapted for contraction | muscle |
| contains scattered cells within a matrix | connective |
| sheets of closely packed cells | epithelial |
| composed of neurons and neurolgia | nerve |
| produces heat | muscle |
| supports and binds together other tissue | connective |
| lines body cavities and covers organs | epithelial |
| forms and conducts nerve impulses | nerve |
| functions in absorption and secretion | epithelial |
| 6 functions of integumentary system | protection excretion temp. regulation sensory perception synthesis of Vitamin D Absorption |
| contains abundant adipose tissue | subcutaneous tissue |
| innermost layer of the epidermis | stratum basale |
| composed of striated squamous epithelium | epidermis |
| contains collagen and elastic fibers | dermis |
| attaches skin to underlying blood vessels | subcutaneous tissue |
| skin layer lacking blood vessels | epidermis |
| outer layer of the epidermis | stratum corneum |
| composed primarly of keratinocytes | stratum basale |
| formed of dead keratinized cells | stratum comeum |
| provides insulation for the body | subcutaneous tissue |
| provides strength and elasticity of the skin | dermis |
| outermost layer of the skin | epidermis |
| outermost cells are continually sloughed off | stratum corneum |
| formed of loose connective tissue and dense irregular connective tissue | dermis |
| 5 functions of the skeletal system | support protection attachment site for skeletal muscle production mineral storage |
| an air filled cavity within a bone | sinus |
| a tubelike passageway into or thru a bone | canal, meatus |
| a rounded or knuckle like process | condyle |
| a smooth nearly flat surface | facet |
| a sharp or slender process | spine |
| an opening or passageway thru a bone | foramen |
| an enlarged rounded end of a bone supported by a constricted neck | head |
| a deep pit or socket | alveolus |
| a prominence above a condyle | epicondyle |
| a large, roughed process | tuberosity |
| contains the foramen magnum | occipital bone |
| forms anterior portion of hard palate | palatine processes of maxillae |
| contains external acoustic meatus | temporal bone |
| the 7 vertebrae of the neck | cervical vertebrae |
| weight bearing portion of vertebrae | vetebral body |
| foramen thru which spinal cord passes | foramen magnum |
| vertebrae bearing ribs | thoracic vertebrae |
| number of pairs of true ribs | 7 |
| attach true ribs to sternum | costal cartilage |
| first cervical vertebrae | atlas |
| fibrocartilaginous pads between vertebrae | interverbal discs |
| forms posterior walls of pelvis | sacrum |
| vertebrae with heaviest bodies | lumbar vertebrae |
| the breastbone | sternum |
| assist in sound transmission and amplification | auditory ossicles |
| forms the prominence of the cheeks | zygomatic bones |
| displacement of bones forming a joint | dislocation |
| a lateral curvature of vertebral column | scoliosis |
| a bundle of muscle fibers enveloped by dense irregular connective tissue | muscle fascicles |
| binds all muslce fassicles together | dense irregular connective tissue |
| connective tissue binding muscles together | fascia |
| cordlike attachment of a muscle to a bone | tendon |
| sheetlike attachment of a muscle | aponeurosis |
| plasma membrane of a muscle fiber | sarcoplasm |
| threadlike contractile elements | myofilaments |
| most abundant molecules in thin myofilaments | actin |
| molecules composing thick myofilaments | myosin |
| portion of a microfibril between z lines | sarcomere |
| light and dark cross bands seen when viewed microscopically | I and A bands (striations) |
| structure composed of a terminal bouton and the motor end plate | neuromuscular junction |
| depression in sarclemma at neuromuscular junction | motor end plate |
| motor neuron and its attached muscle fibers | motor unit |
| portion of neuron containing nucleus | celll body |
| neuronal processes creating impulses when stimulated by other neurons and sensory receptors | dendrites |
| structural type of neuron having several dendrites branching off from the nerve cell body | multipolar neuron |
| functional type of neuron carrying action potentials toward the CNS | sensory neuron |
| neuronal process carrying action potentials to effectors | axon |
| functional type of neuron carrying action potentials to effectors | motor neuron |
| insulation around some axons | myelin sheath |
| functional type of neuron carrying action potentials within the CNS | interneuron |
| structural type of neuron having a single dendrite branching off from the nerve cell body | bipolar neuron |
| structure required for regeneration of axon | neurolemma |
| small spaces between adjacent myelin forming cells, where the axon is exposed | myelin sheath gaps |
| line of ventricle of brain | ependymal cells |
| form myelin sheath around axons in the CNS | oligodendrocytes |
| engulf pathogens and debris | microglial cells |
| form mylin sheath around axons in the PNS | schwan cells |
| outermost meninx | dura mater |
| middle meninx | arachnoid mater |
| innermost meninx | pia mater |
| Include taste, smell, vision, hearing, and equilibrium. | special senses |
| Interprets action potentials | brain |
| Detect environmental changes and form action potentials. | sensory receptor |
| Include pain, touch, pressure, stretching, chemical changes, cold, and heat. | general senses |
| Carry action potentials to the CNS. | sensory neurons |
| Sensory receptors that detect tissue damage. | nociceptors |
| Phenomenon in which the cerebral cortex projects a sensation back to the body region where the action potentials originated | projection |
| Sensory receptors that detect temperature changes. | thermoreceptors |
| Phenomenon in which action potential formation gradually decreases as a result of repetitive sensory receptor stimulation. | sensory adaptation |
| Sensory receptors that detect mechanical forces | mechanoreceptors |
| A conscious or subconscious awareness of a change in the internal or external environment | sensations |
| Sensory receptors that detect concentrations of chemicals | chemoreceptors |
| Prevents the nervous system from being overloaded with unimportant stimuli. | sensory adaptation |
| The conscious awareness of a sensation due to action potential interpretation by the cerebral cortex. | perception |
| Sensory receptors that detect light energy. | photoreceptors |
| Useful in pinpointing the source of a sensation. | projection |
| Chemical messengers. | hormones |
| Carries hormones throughout the body. | blood |
| Glands producing hormones. | endocrine glands |
| Cells containing hormone receptors. | target cells |
| Excessive production of a hormone. | hypersecretion |
| Deficient production of a hormone. | hyposecretion |
| Usual regulatory mechanism for hormone production. | negative feedback mechanism |
| “Local hormones” produced by nonendocrine cells. | paracrine signals |
Created by:
breslynjeschke