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Micro Section 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Oparin-Haldane Hypothesis | proposed that life arose gradually from inorganic molecules, like amino acids that combine to make complex polymers |
| carbon VE | 4 |
| self affinity | ability to recognize or attach to something similar to itself, ex. carbon forms long c-c chains and rings |
| evidence for pre-biotic RNA activity | reverse transcriptase, ribozymes, RNA replication, viral genomes |
| ribozyme activities cellular processes: | peptide bond formation in protein synthesis, RNA cleavage and ligation, DNA cleavage, RNA splicing |
| ribozyme activities in vitro selected RNA: | RNA polymerization, DNA and RNA phosphorylation, RNA aminoacylation, RNA alkylation, amide bond formation, amide bond cleavage, glycosidic bond formation, porphyrin metalation |
| amphipathic | molecule with both polar and non polar regions |
| stromatolites | mats of dead phototrophs filled in with calcium carbonate and silica |
| chemolithotrophs | an earlier form of glucogenesis without light |
| thiomicrospia | archer that use alternative energy source to fix carbon into glucose |
| chemosynthesis | microorganisms use energy from inorganic chemical reactions instead of sunlight to make organic molecules (food), dependent on hydrothermal vents |
| hydrothermal vent ecosystem | chemoautotrophic bacteria→tube worms→vent shrimp→blind crabs |
| byproducts of chemosynthesis | sulfur compounds |
| Carl Woese | used 16S rRNA phylogeny to reveal the Archaea |
| three life forms/domains | bacteria, archaea, eukarya |
| bacteria and archaea similarities | circular genome, nucleotides contain DNA, metabolic pathways |
| eukarya and archaea similarities | introns, similar RNA polymerases, histones, resistant to same antibiotics (that react with ribosomes) |
| eukarya and bacteria similarities | many pathogenic forms, no methanogenesis, photosynthetic types absorb in blue and red wavelengths |
| horizontal/lateral gene transfer | acquisition of a piece of DNA from another cell, happens with plasmids and bacteriophages, meet conditional needs, encode products that cover metabolism, stress response, and pathogenicity |
| vertical gene transfer | transmission of an entire genome from parent to offspring |
| informational/housekeeping genes | encode products essential for transcription and translation and interact with many cellular components, tend to be transferred vertically |
| operational genes | encode products that govern metabolism, stress response, and pathogenicity, function with independence from other cell components, tend to be transferred horizontally |
| taxonomy | description of distinct life-forms and their organization into different categories with shared traits. |
| taxonomic heirarchy | phylum→class→order→family→genus→species |
| symbiosis | intimate association of two unrelated species |
| coevolution | result of symbiosis, evolution of two species in response to one another |
| reductive evolution | one partner species loses traits provided by the other partner |
| endosymbiosis | when one partner grows within the body of another |
| endosymbionts | organism living in another organism, can be intracellular |
| Lynn margulis | theory of endosymbiosis to explain origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts, explains rapid appearance of eukaryotes |
| mitochondria | evolved from an alphaproteobacterium as or shortly after eukaryotes split from archaea |
| chloroplasts | evolved from cyanobacteria at some point before the divergence of red and green algae |
| clade | a group of species that includes ancestral species and all descendant species |
| random mutations | as chromosome replicates, errors result in mutations |
| natural selection | in an environment, some genes are under selection pressure |
| genetic state of endosymbiotic organelles | genomes of mitochondria and chloroplasts are extremely reduced, rRNA and tRNA remain as well as essential products to survival |
Created by:
odetteschnell7