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chapter 5
2.10-2.12
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Migration | the movement of people, animals, or organisms from one place or habitat to another |
| voluntary migration | the free-will relocation of individuals or groups driven primarily by personal choice, economic opportunity, education, family reunification, or a better quality of life rather than by force, war, or persecution |
| push factors | a negative condition or event that forces or motivates a person to leave their home country or region. |
| pull factors | a positive condition or attribute in a destination area that attracts people to move there |
| migration transition model | a country's internal and international migration patterns change predictably as it moves through the stages of economic and demographic development |
| intervening obstacles | any environmental, political, economic, or cultural barrier that hinders, delays, or prevents a person from completing a migration journey |
| intervening opportunities | human migration and movement depend on the number of opportunities at a destination and the number of closer "intervening opportunities" along the way, rather than just the physical distance. |
| Short Distances | under 10 miles for driving, or about 50 miles or less for a local moving context |
| distance decay | a geographic concept stating that the interaction, influence, or similarity between two locations decreases as the physical or spatial distance between them increases |
| Urban Areas | a human settlement characterized by high population density, extensive built infrastructure (such as buildings, roads, and utilities), and a primary economic focus on trade, industry, and services rather than agriculture |
| gravity model of migration | a spatial interaction model in urban geography that predicts the volume of movement between two places based on their population sizes and the distance between them |
| Multiple Steps | an algebraic expression that requires two or more operations to isolate the variable and find a solution |
| step migration | a pattern of human movement where people reach a final destination through a series of shorter, intermediate steps rather than in a single long-distance journey |
| Rural to Urban | the movement of people from the countryside, small villages, or agricultural regions to towns, cities, and metropolitan centers |
| rural-to-urban migration | the physical movement of people from countryside villages and agricultural regions to towns and cities, either temporarily or permanently |
| Counter Migration | the movement of people back to the region or country they originally came from, occurring in the opposite direction of a primary migration flow |
| return migration | the movement of people back to their country of citizenship, origin, or ancestry after living abroad for a period of time |
| Youth | a statistical measure that compares the number of young dependents (aged 0 to 14) to the working-age population (aged 15 to 64) |
| Gender Patterns | reflect how societies, families, and individuals develop, display, and reinforce behaviors, roles, and expectations linked to biological sex |
| forced migration | the involuntary or coerced movement of a person or people away from their home or home region, driven by immediate threats to their life, freedom, or well-being |
| internally displaced persons | someone forced to flee their home who stays within the borders of their own country |
| refugees | a person who has been forced to flee their home country because of war, violence, conflict, or persecution based on race, religion, nationality, political opinion, or membership in a social group |
| asylum | protection or safety granted by a nation to someone who has fled their home country because of war, political reasons, or a well-founded fear of persecution |
| voluntary migration | the movement of people from one place to another by their own free will and choice |
| internal migration | the movement of people from one place to another within the same country's borders |
| Transnational migration | a pattern of movement where individuals cross international borders to live in a new country while simultaneously maintaining active social, economic, cultural, or political ties to their homeland |
| chain migration | a social and legal process where immigrants settle in a new country and subsequently sponsor or assist their family members or people from their home community to join them |
| Guest workers | a foreign national who receives government-authorized permission to live and work in another country for a temporary, fixed period |
| transhumance | the seasonal movement of livestock between fixed summer highland pastures and winter lowland valleys |
| Homestead Act | gave 160 acres of public western land to any adult citizen or intended citizen who agreed to live on and farm the plot for five years |
| Current Immigration Policies | the national laws, rules, and executive actions that control who can enter, live, work, or become a citizen of the United States |
| guest-worker policies | government-sponsored programs that allow foreign laborers to temporarily enter a country to fill specific workforce shortages |
| family reunification | the official process that allows separated family members—such as spouses, children, or parents—to rejoin one another in the same country |
| xenophobia | the fear, hatred, or dislike of people from other countries, cultures, or anything perceived as strange or foreign |
| Benefits of Migration | span across host countries, origin countries, and the migrants themselves |
| remittances | money sent by foreign workers back to their families or individuals in their home countries |
| Costs of Migration | the total economic, social, physical, and emotional tolls individuals face when moving from their home region to a new destination. |
| brain drain | the departure or emigration of educated, skilled, and professional people (such as doctors, engineers, and scientists) from one country, region, or sector to another |
| Ethnic enclaves | a geographic area with high ethnic concentration, cultural identity, and economic activity distinct from the surrounding society. |
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