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SS Unit test
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Humanities | the study of subjects such as grammar, rhetoric, poetry, and history that were taught in ancient Greece and Rome. |
| Humanism | an intellectual movement at the heart of the Renaissance that focuses on education and the classics |
| Francesco Petrarch | he assembled a library of Greek and Roman manuscripts found in monasteries and churches, helping to preserve classic works for future study. |
| Jan van Eyck | realism painter of townspeople and religious scenes |
| Pieter Bruegel | used vibrant colors to portray the lives of peasants in Flanders |
| Albrecht Dürer | studied in Italy, became known as the “German Leonardo” |
| Erasmus | Dutch priest; focuses on rewriting the New Testament into vernacular, common language of the time |
| Sir Thomas More | English writer; pushed for social and economic reforms; wrote Utopia |
| Rabelais | French writer; wrote Gargantua and Pantagruel; critique of French society |
| indulgence | In the Roman catholic church, pardon for sins committed during a person's lifetime |
| Martin Luther | A German monk and theologian who was the catalyst of the protest reformation |
| Peace of Augsburg | Treaty that allowed each prince to decide which religion would be in his lands |
| Charles V | The holy Roman emperor during the time of Martin Luther’s reformation |
| John Calvin | A French theologian and lawyer who became involved in the Protestant movement |
| predestination | Calvinist belief that god long ago determined who would gain salvation |
| theocracy | Government run by religious leaders |
| arranged marriages | a way to transfer property, forge alliances, and help to prevent conflict between family networks or kin groups |
| Anabaptists | They called for religious toleration and a separation of church and state |
| Book of the Courtier | a handbook read for advise on the manners, skills, learning, and virtues that court members should display |
| Nicolaus Copernicus | A polish astronomer who concluded that the was was the center of the universe around which Earth and the other plantes revolve around. His work wasn’t printed until after his death because it whent against the religous and scientific belief. |
| geocentric | a reference system centered at the Earths center |
| heliocentric | Based on the belief that the sun is the center of the universe |
| Tycho Brahe | A danish astronomer, who produced the most accurate measurements and locations of the stars before the use of the telescope. This challenged the belief that stars were fixed and forever unchanging. |
| Johannes Kepler | German astronomer whose discoveries expanded on Copernicus’s heliocentric universe. His research showed that the planets orbit in a particular rotation around the sun. |
| Galileo Galilei | Italian astronomer/ mathematition whose discoveries using the telescope supported the heliocentric universe theories. He was also a important contributor to the scientific method. |
| Francis Bacon | a distinguished philosopher, statesman, and layer. He promoted rational thought. He was also held in high regard by many philosophers and scientists |
| René Descartes | French philosopher, mathmatician, and scientist. He was the first to abandon aristotles teachings (traditional mathods). He has been called the father of modern phiosophy, and promoted a new science based on observations/experiments. |
| Robert Boyle | English philosopher and writer. His work led to the development of Boyle’s law. He focused on chemistry, physics, and natural history. He was also one of the founders of the royal society of london |
| Boyle's law | law describes the relationship between pressure and the volume of gas. |
| Isaac Newton | English physicist and mathematician. His three laws of motion form the basic principles of modern physics and led to the formulation of the universal law of gravity. |
| calculus | a branch of mathematics in which calculations are made using special symbolic notations, developed by Isacc Newton |
| Ferdinand Magellan | he left with 5 ships, killed in battle , part of his crew were the first crew to circumnavigate the world, only 18 made it back to spain |
| Columbian exchange | The exchange of crops, animals, ideas, and people between the “Old World” and the “New World.” |
| The Encomienda System | was the right given to the conquistadors by spanish monarchs to demand labor or tribute from natives in an area |
| Triangular Trade, | A larger network that the slave trade was one apart of it,a series of trade routes that connected Europe, Africa, and the Americas. |
| The middle Passage | was the leg of the triangular trade route on which slaves were transported from Africa to the Americas |
| mercantilism | A practice to export more then to inport. |
| Treaty of Tordesillas | is a treaty signed between Spain and Portugal. This divided the non-European world between them. |
| Dutch East India Company. | trading company established with full sovereign powers by the Netherlands to protect/ expand its trade in Asia. |
| Herman Cortes | landed on the coast of Mexico with about 600 men, 16 horses, and a few cannons with the goal of reaching Tenochtitlan, the Aztec capital city. |
| mercantilism | A practice to export more then to inport. |
| Treaty of Tordesillas | is a treaty signed between Spain and Portugal. This divided the non-European world between them. |
| Dutch East India Company. | trading company established with full sovereign powers by the Netherlands to protect/ expand its trade in Asia. |
| Herman Cortes | landed on the coast of Mexico with about 600 men, 16 horses, and a few cannons with the goal of reaching Tenochtitlan, the Aztec capital city. |
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